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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
As the main objective of this study is to improve students’ speaking skill by using Talking Chips strategy, some related theories are presented in this part.
This chapter presents the theoretical descriptions and conceptual framework related to speaking skill and Talking Chips strategy. The followings are
discussions of each item.
A. Theoretical Descriptions
1. Speaking
This section aims at discussing some points related to speaking skills involving a broad area of interest. They are definitions of speaking, elements of
speaking, the types of classroom speaking performance, micro-skills and macro- skills of speaking, the teaching speaking, the principles of teaching speaking, the
stages of teaching speaking, characteristics of successful speaking activity, teaching speaking in Junior High School, and also assessing speaking.
a. Definition of Speaking
Speaking is a communicative event which includes the use of verbal and non-verbal language to convey meaning. People usually communicate their
opinions, ideas, feelings, and beliefs by talking it with other people and it usually involves the speakers
’ physical, physiological and psychological condition. In line with Chaney Jondeya, 2011: 28, speaking is the process of building and sharing
meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of context. According to this definition, speaking is aiming at exchanging meanings. To
achieve the aim, people use their articulators to produce language so that they could express meanings to others. In addition, they also make use of non-
linguistic symbols such as facial expressions and body language in order to make the meanings more clear.
Speaking is a two-way process between producing language and receipting it. As stated by Eckard Kearny 1981, Florez 1999 and Howarth 2001 as
cited in Torky 2006 define speaking as a two-way process involving a true communication of ideas, information, or feelings. According to this definition,
productive skills of speaking and receptive skills of understanding cannot be taken apart. Byrne 1997:8 states that speaking is a two-way process between speakers
and listeners and it involves the productive skills of language and the receptive skills of understanding. This is in line with Widdowson 1996:59 who says that
the skill of speaking involves both receptive and productive participation. Receptive aspect of speaking is the skill which is conventionally referred to as
„listening’. While productive aspect of speaking referred to as „saying’. It can be said that speaking has a productive part when one participant in an interaction
assumes the active role of speaker. In the same respect, Nunan 2003: 48 states that speaking is the productive skill which consists of producing systematic verbal
utterances to express meaning. The product of the activity of speaking is verbal utterances in which people usually have communicative purposes by producing it.
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