20 microorganisms to oxidize the organic waste in a standard sample of pollutant during a
five-day period. 5-day BOD.
2.5 Storet Method
STORET short for STOrage and RETrieval is an EPA developed database for water quality, biological, and physical data that is used by state environmental agencies,
EPA and other federal agencies, universities, and private citizens.
2.6 Global Pollution Policy
Pollution arising from one region can change damage in another region. This Trans boundary pollution takes on the features of an externality between the “emitter” and the
“recipient” Peace and Turner, 1990. The typical ‘image” is that polluters are firms and individual people Peace et.al, 1990. It is wrong to think of polluters only as firms,
individual’s polluter, so do government.
Table 3 . Relationships between Emitter and Receptor
No External generator
Externality Sufferer
1 Firm
Firm 2
Firm Individuals
3 Individuals
Firm 4
Individuals Individuals
5 Government
Firm 6
Government Individuals
2.7 The Clean River Program Prokasih
To reduce the negative impact of pollutants, since 1995 the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Environment issues several action programs. With the issuance of
21 the Act No. 221999 on which the districts are given more autonomous status, it is expected
that the environmental management could be also handled directly by the local government. Based on the initiative of the programs, the action programs can be divided into two
categories. First, top-down initiative such as, clean river program Prokasih, clean air program, sustainable coastal and marine program, Proper and Superkasih program. Second,
bottom-up initiative is among others 4-R reduce, reuse, recover, recycle program and tree bank program.
Clean river program Prokasih declared in early 1990s. Provincial and local government involved in this program shall regularly submit information on monitoring
result of water quality of rivers. In general, the monitoring result conducted under Prokasih showed that the water quality of rivers is improving.
Prokasih is aimed to reduce of pollution load entering rivers, improve of river quality and, improve of resources and institutions regulations, human resources, budgets
etc. in the management of the environment and river water quality. It includes activities to reduce the pollution load and discharges into the rivers. Prokasih activities are carried out
by local Governments under the co-ordination of Ministry of Environmental, operating in cooperation with the Department of Interior Affairs and related technical agencies.
The clean rivers program initially covered 8 provinces and now covers 17 provinces. It includes 36 river basins and about 1500 industries. It is being extended to
cover commercial premises, tourist developments and hospitals.
22
2.8 The Statement of Clean River Superkasih
In addition to the Proper, the government through decree from the chairman of Environmental Impact Management Agency Bapedal introduced the Superkasih program.
Superkasih stand for Surat Pernyataan Kali Bersih, which means a letter of intent to clean
river. It is an alternative strategy that is developed based on the voluntary commitment of the industries to process their product through clean production. The program is developed
based on several considerations, among others 1 increasing number and type of industries along watershed system, 2 increasing pollution especially
Top down programs that need greater support are among others, Proper and Prokasih program. Constrains faced in the implementation of pollution prevention and
reduction strategies lie in the lack of institutional capability especially in the provincial and district levels, and inadequate industrial-stakeholders’ participation which results from
weakness in local organizations and lack of awareness of the issues.
2.9 System Development
