Identification of Problems Limitation of the Problems
Harmer described that White and Arndt’s can represent the writing process; drafting, structuring, reviewing, focusing, generating, and
evaluating.
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Based on some models of writing process above, the researcher divides the process of writing into some steps, they are prewriting, drafting, generating
and editing proofreading.
c.
Types of Writing
Writing has several types based on the need and the aim of the writing itself. Also, the type of writing which is learned in teaching learning process
views the need of what kind of writing which is useful for the students.
Pharr and Buscemi divided writing in many types, they are description, narration, exemplification, process analysis, argument, etc.
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Alwasilah mentioned four types of writing that is called as EDAN, which means expository writing, descriptive writing, argumentative writing and
narrative writing.
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Based on the classifications above, it can be summarized that exposition, description, narration, and argument is the type of writing which is usually
learned by the students in English class.
d.
Argumentative Writing
Argumentative writing or sometimes called persuasion and hortatory exposition in school is a writing which attempt to convince others that they
should accept one’s views or do what someone asks of them. Indeed, every point in persuasion cannot be accepted by everyone, but a well-planned and
reasonable argument can often be effective.
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Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of Language Teaching,Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited, 2007, p. 258
5
Donald Pharr Santi V. Buscemi, Writing today: Contexts and options for the Real World, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005, p. 424
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A. Chaedar Alwasilah Senny Alwasilah, Pokoknya menulis, Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama, 2005, p. 111-119
Stanley and his friend said that argumentative writing has different aim and purpose from both expressive writing and expository writing. The
primary aim of writing is to persuade, neither to express the writer nor to explain the subject but to convince the reader of the writer’s point of view on
a particular issue.
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A persuasive argument should follow a persuasive strategy based on an anticipation of the audience response, as James said on his book. He also
added that the reason for persuading, and the type of appeals included. The examples of elements of persuasion namely:
1. Audience. The writer cannot ignore the audience’s opposing beliefs or
feelings about the subject matter. Therefore, he or she should acknowledge those beliefs or feeling. The writer should state them at the beginning of
the argument to demonstrate that the writer is reasonable and fair. 2.
Reason for persuading. Writer’s goal in persuading may simply be to ask someone to consider an idea, or it may be a call for action, a demand or
request that writer’s audience do something. the writer had better state that goal early in the argument, making the claim in a topic sentence, and
then developing the claim in the body of the paragraph or essay. 3.
Type of persuasive appeals. The best way to support the claim is with solid evidence: facts, figures, and examples. The writer may also choose to
support a claim by citing an expert or authority on the subject. Appeals to emotions such as sympathy, anger, or even humor can be effective, too.
But not to appeal only to emotions. The writer should respect the intelligence of audience, and tell the truth.
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