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Address the other person by his or her first name. The rules are the keys for us to build and maintain friendship. If those
rules are accomplished, we can get a healthy friendship. That is why, it is essential to build friendship by applying the rules above.
5. Motivation
Motivation is a key of people doing any actions. In building friendship, people
also have motivation that makes two persons or more willingly build friendship.
Learning motivation is a must to discover Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s
reasons for building their friendsip in Tortilla Flat. a.
Definition of Motivation
People must have something inside them to direct them achieving their intention or goal. It is called motivation. According to Huffman et al 1997,
motivation refers to “factors within an individual such as needs, desires, and interests that activate, m
aintain and direct behavior toward a goal” p. 364. It means that motivation leads someone to act in order to get closer with his or her
goal. Motivation is like the reason why people do or act to achieve their goal.
b. Kinds of Motivation
Motivation is divided into two kinds: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Huffman et al 1997 define intrinsic motivation as “the desire to
perform an act for its own sake” p. 377. It means that intrinsic motivation comes from the person himself to act something in order to achieve his goal. Whereas,
extrinsic motivation is defined as “the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment” p. 377. It means that this motivation is
17 derived from the outside of an individual. Therefore, it is not considered as part of
behavior.
c. The Hierarchy Needs
People do many things because they have reasons behind it. The reason that leads someone to act or do something is called motivation. People motivation
in doing something is based on their own needs. Maslow as cited by Huffman et al 1997 divides human needs into five levels. They are “physiological needs, safety
needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self- actualization needs” p.
383.
Figure 2.1 Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Huffman et al 1997, p. 383
1 Physiological needs
The physiological needs are the basic needs. Maslow believes that human must satisfy physiological needs first before fulfilling the higher needs. It deals
with hunger, thirsty, and maintenance of internal state of the body.
Self-actualization needs
Esteem needs Belonging and love needs
Safety needs Physiological needs
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2 Safety needs
Safety needs are the second of the hierarchy of need. After the physiological
needs have been fulfilled, people need to feel secure and safe. They also want to seek pleasure and avoid pain. By getting secure from pain and
danger, they can feel safety and live peacefully.
3 Belonging and love needs
In the third level of hierarchy of needs, people want to achieve belonging and love needs. It is clear that people want to affiliate with others, be accepted,
and give and receive attention. The examples of belonging and love needs are friendship, intimacy, affection and love, family, friends, romantic relationships.
4 Esteem needs
In the fourth level of hierarchy of needs, people want to achieve, be competent, gain approval and excel. It means that people attempt to get self-
esteem, achievement, appreciation, dominance and feeling important from others.
5 Self-actualization needs
The last, self-actualization is the highest needs of human. In this level people want to find self-
fulfillment and realize one‟s potential. They values honesty, goodness, and truth in their life.
To sum up, people‟s actions are determined by their needs. The five stages of hierarchy needs are important things to understand human motivation. The
hiearachy needs is helpful to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation in Tortilla Flat.
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C. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the researcher uses psychological approach. The psychological approach is essential to analyze and answer the formulated
problems because it deals with thought and behaviour of human being. The researcher chooses motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship in
Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat. To answer the first formulated problem, the researcher uses the theory of
character and characterization. The researcher uses character theories proposed by Abrams 1981, Forster 1985, Henkle 1977 and characterization theory by
Murphy 1972. Those theories are helpful to reveal what kind of characters Pilon and the Pirate are.
Then, theories of friendship and motivation are applied to answer the second formulated problem. The researcher uses theory of types of friendship by
Beebe et al 1996, theory of motivation by Huffman et al 1997 and Maslow hierarchy of needs theory by Huffman et al 1997
to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation for building their friendship.
