Theoretical Framework Object of the Study

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C. Theoretical Framework

In this study, the researcher uses psychological approach. The psychological approach is essential to analyze and answer the formulated problems because it deals with thought and behaviour of human being. The researcher chooses motivation of Pilon and the Pirate for building friendship in Steinbeck‟s Tortilla Flat. To answer the first formulated problem, the researcher uses the theory of character and characterization. The researcher uses character theories proposed by Abrams 1981, Forster 1985, Henkle 1977 and characterization theory by Murphy 1972. Those theories are helpful to reveal what kind of characters Pilon and the Pirate are. Then, theories of friendship and motivation are applied to answer the second formulated problem. The researcher uses theory of types of friendship by Beebe et al 1996, theory of motivation by Huffman et al 1997 and Maslow hierarchy of needs theory by Huffman et al 1997 to reveal Pilon‟s and the Pirate‟s motivation for building their friendship. 20 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the method that the researcher used to conduct this research. This chapter is divided into three parts. There are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study explains briefly the novel used in the study. Approach of the study elaborates the approach used to analyze the formulated problems. The last part, method of the study discusses the method used in this study.

A. Object of the Study

The novel entitled Tortilla Flat is an American novel by John Steinbeck and is used as the object of the study. It was first published in 1935 by William Heinemann Ltd. However, the novel analyzed is the one which was published by Pan Books that was reissued in 1975. The novel consists of 189 pages, and is divided into 18 episodes including the preface. The novel tells about the companionship of Danny, Pilon, Pablo Sanchez, Jesus Maria, the Pirate, and Big Joe. They live together and build their friendship in Danny‟s house in Tortilla Flat. Their relationship becomes closer after they have adventures and problems. The six paisanos live side by side and share anything in Tortilla Flat. Unfortunately, the unchanged life in Tortilla makes 21 Danny burdened by his possession of the house. Then, Danny escapes from his house for so long and is back in a bad condition. When Danny comes back, Pilon and his friends give party for Danny. In the party, Danny is mad and he is gone because no one wants to fight with him. He is found died in the ancient watercourse with wounds on his body. It is such an irony when the five paisanos cannot attend Danny‟s funeral because they do not have any suits. Moreover, Danny‟s house is accidentally burnt in the night after the funeral. It makes the talisman gone and the paisanos apart.

B. Approach of the Study