The strategies of complaining used by the speaker.

1. The strategies of complaining used by the speaker.

The strategy of complaining used by the characters in the movie “Pursuit of Happiness” can be identified based on the classification of complaint strategy

proposed by Anna Trosborg and Olsthain namely hint, annoyance, ill consequence, indirect accusation, direct accusation, modified blame, explicit condemnation of accu sed’s action, and explicit condemnation of the accused as a person strategies. The second strategies is Internal Modifications and External Modifications

From the previous subchapter, it can be noted that the characters in the movie ”Pursuit of Happiness” use almost all of the main strategies, i.e. no explicit

reproach, accusation, and blaming strategy. Most of them are Hint strategy, which is hint strategy (HINT). Indirect accusation (IACC), Annoyance strategy (ANOY) and Ill consequence strategy of complaining (ICON) does not emerge in the movie. While the other Five complaint strategies namely Hint, direct accusation, modified blame, reproach, accusation, and blaming strategy. Most of them are Hint strategy, which is hint strategy (HINT). Indirect accusation (IACC), Annoyance strategy (ANOY) and Ill consequence strategy of complaining (ICON) does not emerge in the movie. While the other Five complaint strategies namely Hint, direct accusation, modified blame,

use in the movie. Hint strategy of complaining is used in data 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16 and 17. Hint strategy is a strategy in which the complainable thing is not mentioned in the proposition. It means that the speaker does not include a direct reference to the problem. Therefore, it is the most indirect strategy of complaining. Based on the data, complaints in this strategy are realized in declarative form and interrogative form with usual intonation and soft expression. The consequence of using this strategy is that the complainee may not know that a complaint is pointed at him. It is because the complainer does not directly state that something is bad. The complainable thing is not mentioned. But fortunately, the data found in the movie show that the complainee can recognize the complaint directed to him even it is in hint strategy. The

complainee’s understanding about the context of situation may help him to recognize the complaint.

Data 13, 14, and 15 show that the complainers employ the direct accusation strategy of complaining. It is a strategy in which the complainer can directly accuse the complainee of having committed the offence. Similar to indirect strategy, it is a direct complaint. But this strategy is more direct than the indirect accusation strategy. Since it is a direct complaint, the complainable thing is mentioned explicitly. Therefore the complainee can recognize the complaint and realize that he or she is put as the potential agent of the affair. The directness can also be seen from the use of Data 13, 14, and 15 show that the complainers employ the direct accusation strategy of complaining. It is a strategy in which the complainer can directly accuse the complainee of having committed the offence. Similar to indirect strategy, it is a direct complaint. But this strategy is more direct than the indirect accusation strategy. Since it is a direct complaint, the complainable thing is mentioned explicitly. Therefore the complainee can recognize the complaint and realize that he or she is put as the potential agent of the affair. The directness can also be seen from the use of

Modified blame strategy of complaining occurs in data 02. This strategy is a strategy in which the complainer expresses a modified disapproval of an action for which the accused is responsible. Based on the data, modified blame strategy is employed in a declarative form. The speaker directly blames the hearer but he modifies his disapproval. For example, in data 6 in which it shows that the speaker modifies his blame into a statement that can be recognized as a suggestion to the complainee to do the confession to another pasture. He actually blames her of making him feel inconvenient to do his job as a pasture. The reference to the complainee

“You” is applied by the speaker. But the complaint is revealed in usual face expression and intonation.

Explicit condemnation of accused’s action strategy is employed in data 3, 5, 7, and 10. This strategy is a strategy in which the complainer explicitly states that the accused’s action is bad. So the complainer considers that the complainee’s bad action

has truly bothered his affair. The data with this strategy are employed in declarative and imperative forms. It is mostly revealed in high intonation. This kind of strategy is applied by the complainee since the action of the complainer is so terrible for the complainer. The implicit reference of a complainable thing and person are mentioned and the unpleasant expression is included.

Explicit condemnation of the accused as a person strategy can only be found in datum 11. This is a strategy in which the complainer explicitly states what is implicit at all other levels, that he/she finds the accused a non-responsible social Explicit condemnation of the accused as a person strategy can only be found in datum 11. This is a strategy in which the complainer explicitly states what is implicit at all other levels, that he/she finds the accused a non-responsible social

strategy can fully attack the complainee. From the data above, Internal Modifications take almost all of data except data number two. Internal Modifications is a complaint may be softened or weakened by the inclusion of downgraders and strengthened by the inclusion of upgraders. Indirect complaints may be softened by mitigation and direct complaints may be made more face threatening if the offence is upgrade. External Modification is a complaint and complainer must save their face, the complainer’s face and the complainee’s face. Providing evidence is the third strategy. A complainer must prove

that A did P (P is bad). He/she must be able to show that the complainee has performed the deplorable action. And the last strategy is substantiation. It is also important for a complainer to be able to provide substantiating moves in the form of arguments to effect that :P is bad”, i.e. the complainer must prove that he/she is

justified in interpreting P as bad for him/her Based on the data analysis, the different strategy of complaining is influenced by the different context of situation. Complaints are not always produced in severe way. Some of them are uttered indirectly and implicitly with usual justified in interpreting P as bad for him/her Based on the data analysis, the different strategy of complaining is influenced by the different context of situation. Complaints are not always produced in severe way. Some of them are uttered indirectly and implicitly with usual

By paying attention to the directness level of the complaint applied by the complainer in delivering the complaint to the complainee above and to the relationship between the participants, the researcher can then analyze the functions of the complaints employed by the complainers.