Type of research Method of collecting data

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the writer will describe about the method that is used in this research. The writer will explain about type of research, method of collecting data population and sample, method of analyzing data.

A. Type of research

Type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The writer adopts Moleong’s opinion about descriptive qualitative research. Moleong 1988:2 affirms that qualitative research is a type of research which does not include any calculation or enumerating. Further Moleong explains that a qualitative research is the research of which the data in the form of written or oral word are descriptively analyzed. Based on this, the type of this study is descriptive, since the data are not enumerating., but they are written and oral words Moleong, 1982.

B. Population and sample

1. Population

Population is the entire group from which the sample is chosen Hadi, 2001:2. Nawawi 1991:141 says that population is all research objects consisting people, animal, things, plants or score test. Based on Koentjaraningrat 1977:115 population is the whole research data. The population of this research are all the homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language which are found in the writer’s family conversation and some of the writer neighbor’s conversation. Total of the 22 homonyms words that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language are 200 homonyms words. The words are collected on December 12, 2008 and august 28, 2009. The process in collecting data is recording the writer’s family conversation with her neighbor’s. The writer uses rekam technique in recording her family’s conversation with her neighbor’s.

2. Sample

According to Sugiyono the writer adopts the opinion about sample. Sugiyono 1999:73 says that a sample is the part of the population’s member which has special characteristic that connects to the research. It means, a sample is an individual which has special characteristic that connects to the research taken from the population that are composed in generalizing the result of the population. In general there are two ways in collecting the sample namely probability and non-probability sampling. Then probability is classified into random, proportionate random, disproportionate random, and area random; while, non-probability sampling is classified into sistematis, kuota, aksidental, purposive, totaljenuh and snowball sampling. In this research the writer uses purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling adalah suatu penelitian sample yang dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan atas stratarandomdaerah tertentu tetapi didasarkan pada adanya tujuan tertentu tetapi didasarkan pada adanya tujuan tertentu yang disebabkan adanya pertimbangan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga atau biaya sehingga seorang peneliti tidak dapat mengambil sample yang banyak atau letaknya jauh dari jangkauan Sudaryanto,1993:133-136. 23

C. Method of collecting data

a. Data Sources

The writer categories the data in this research into 2 categories those are :

i. Primary data

“Primary data are the data directly collected from the research, observed, and noted for the first time Marzuki, 1995. Primary data that the writer used in this research are collected from observation, and interview some people who have competence about homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The observation is done by observing and collecting homonym expression found in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The observer is also interviewing some people who have competence about homonyms, especially the opinions that show the factor of homonym expression; so that the writer can identify the causal factor of how homonyms expression exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.

b. Technique of collecting data

The writer applied some methods in collecting the data. They are Simak Libat Cakap method, observation method, interview method. In this research, the writer uses observation method. The writer observes the object that will be examined Gorrys Keraf, 1980:163. The writer did directly observation to the Wonorejo’s Javanese language in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang.. 24 The writer uses Simak method in collecting data. Metode simak adalah suatu cara pemerolehan data dengan cara menyimak penggunaan bahasa baik bahasa lisan maupun bahasa tulis Sudaryanto,1993:133-136. Technique to collect data that is used by the writer is sadap technique. Teknik sadap adalah peneliti menyadap penggunaan bahasa seseorang atau beberapa orang yang menjadi informan. Data yang disadap bisa berupa bahasa lisan maupun data bahasa tulis. Penyadapan data lisan bisa diperoleh dari pemakaian bahasa seseorang yang sedang pidato, kotbah, atau anak yang sedang berbicara. Sedangkan sadap bahasa tulis dilakukan terhadap pemakaian bahasa dalam wujud bahasa tulis bukan bahasa tutur lisancakapwicara. Misalnya, naskah teks pidato, teks narasi, naskah kuno, brosur, liflet, atau teks media masa Sudaryanto,1993:133-136. In this research, the writer uses metode simak libat cakap SLC. Simak Libat Cakap adalah peneliti melakukan penyadapan dengan cara menyimak dan terlibat langsung dalam percakapan serta berpartisipasi dalam percakapan yang terjadi di Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang Sudaryanto, 1993:133-136. The writer uses this method to collect the data needed in researching and writing this research. Besides, the writer uses interview method. The method in collecting data is giving questions that have connection with this research to get relevant answer with the purpose of the research Anto Dajan, 2000:34. In this case, the writer interviews the writer’s husband as the informant that is also one of Wonorejo’s communities, because he is a direct object that has all information about homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. On the other hand, the writer interviewed some people or the neighbor of 25 husband families in Wonorejo, Pesantren, Mijen, Semarang and recorded their daily conversation. The writer uses rekam technique to get a documentation of Wonorejo’s people conversation. Teknik rekam adalah tindak merekam setiap peristiwa kebahasaan dengan media recorder tape recorder, kamera recorder, atau digital recorder. In this case the writer records her husband families conversation. Further the recorder is noted by using catat technique Sudaryanto,1993:133-136. Teknik catat adalah peneliti menyadap dengan menyimak dan mencatat setiap peristiwa kebahasaan yang terjadi. Oleh karena itu peneliti harus membawa alat catat dan mencatat berbagai hal seperti situasi tutur, penutur, dan mitra tutur, keadaan pertuturan, norma pertuturan dan berbagai hal sekiranya membantu peneliti dalam analisis data khususnya untuk menjawab latar belakangkonteks pertuturan Sudaryanto,1993:133-136. The writer uses catat technique in the transcript formation. Further the transcript is used by the writer as a data in this research. The writer takes some references from books having correlation with this research as theory and standard of comparison in report Gorrys Keraf, 1980:165. In this matter, the observer reads, studies, and takes a note about the content of some books having relationship with this analysis.

c. Method of Analyzing Data

The next is analyzing the data which are classified before. Analyzing data is organizing process and ordering data in the pattern categories, and analyzing base unit. We can get the topic and formulate hypothesis work likes the data suggested Moleong, 2000:103. The writer 26 begins the analysis by making a list of homonym word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language, so that, the writer gets some homonym words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language if it is compared with the Javanese dictionaries. In analyzing data, the writer takes padan pragmatics method. Padan pragmatic method is a method that is used to point the purpose content in speaker statement, by doing interpretation to the speaker statements.

d. Steps to analyze data

In analyzing the data there are some steps that the writer takes as follows: 1. The writer observes the research object that is Wonorejo’s Javanese language. 2. Making a list of homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and classifying the data that will be analyzed in a research. The writer gets the data from the informant that is interviewed before. The informants are the writer’s husband and her husband’s family and so some of the writer’s neighbor’s. 3. Finding and comparing homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language with the Javanese dictionaries. 27 4. Using some references in analyzing homonym expression in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The references are used to support the analysis. 5. Arranging data into a report of the research. 28

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

Homonym may be defined as a relation holding between two or more etic expressions that have the same form but a different meaning. Complete homonyms have the same pronunciation and the same spelling. The writer identifies Wonorejo’s Javanese language as the object of research. In Wonorejo’s Javanese language the writer finds several words which have different meaning and usage but the same form. There is an example to explain language phenomenon that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The example is ‘marah’. It has different meaning and usage. ‘marah 1’ means get angry, it is used to express bad feeling. On the other hand, ‘marah 2’ means inviting someone, it is used to request helping. If there are several words with the same shape or form but different meaning exist in a language, it will make homonyms expression forming. Homonym is divided into two categories, they are homophone and homograph. The writer begins the analysis from homophone classifications and its forming process also another explaination about homophone.

A. Homophone

Homophone may be defined as several words which are spelt in different way but pronounced in the same way. The writer found 85 homophone words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The words classified into a table as follows :