13
CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW
In writing this thesis the writer uses some theories to explain about homonyms word in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. By using these theories,
hopefully the analysis can describe the homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. The theories used to look for the causal factor of
homonyms words and the effect of homonyms that exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.
Research is a form of social action which introduces its own outcomes into the social field. In complex societies, research becomes a process of
metacommunication, a self-reflective learning process. Providing an account of the plurality and tensions constituting collective life, which can contribute
to the practice of freedom Alberto Melucci, 1996:367. Homonyms is a relation holding between two or more etic expressions
that have the same form but a different meaning. Complete homonyms have the same pronunciation and the same spelling Allan, 1986. Alan also divides
homonyms into two categories, they are homography and homophony. Homophony is some words that have the same pronunciation but different
meaning, whereas homography is some words that have the same spelling but different meaning Alan, 1986.
In this research, the writer adopts Hymes opinion with his theory that is called SPEAKING. The writer will identify the connection between
homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and Hymes SPEAKING
14 model. By using this theory, the writer can find and identify the relationship
between the participant, setting, and another aspect that will help this research. The writer takes Hymes opinion from Jan Rankema’s book with the title
“Discourse Studies” published 1993. The researcher takes this opinion, because the writer will look for background knowledge of Wonorejo’s society.
It is used to look for the causal factor of homonyms words that exist in
Wonorejo’s Javanese language. S
Setting,
it is about the time, place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act.
Scene,
it is about the psychological counterpart to setting. What is meant here is that a setting can be changed, for example, from formal
to in formal, by participants.
P Participant,
The speaker or Sender, the Addressor, the Hearer, Receiver or Audience, and the Addressee.
E Ends,
the purpose-outcomes and purpose-goals.
A Act Squence,
the form and the content of the message.
K Keys,
The tone of the conversation, for example, serious or mocking.
I Instrumentalitis,
The channels; written, telegraph, etc, and the forms of interpretation, for example how a listener’s suddenly looking away
must be interpreted.
N Norms,
The norms of interaction; e.g. interruption and norms of interpretation, for example how a listener’s suddenly looking away
must be interpreted.
15
G Genre,
Fairly tale, advertisement, etc. To find out the causal factor of homonyms word the writer
takes I dewa putu wijana’s opinion, Wijana’s said that “pengalaman membuktikan bahwa mereka yang baru masuk
bidang linguistik kadang-kadang membiarkan diri digoda untuk lebih memperhatikan ejaan ortografis daripada bentuknya dalam
bahasa lisan, sejauh yang berhubungan dengan homonymi antar kata dalam bahasa Indonesia Wijana menyebutkan sebab
pembentukan homonim karena empat hal di samping kebetulan ada dua buah leksem atau lebih memiliki bentuk yang sama juga
karena empat hal di antaranya karena adanya afiksasi, masuknya kata-kata ke dalam kosa kata bahasa Indonesia”
Wijana,2004. Wijana’s opinion above is an answer of Verhaar opinions who is
classified homonyms just homophony. Verhaar said that “hanya homofon yang layak diperlakukan sebagai homonim dengan dasar bahwa tulisan
ortografi bukanlah merupakan objek primer linguistic” Verhaar, 1977.
Because there are too many gejala bahasa as part of the causal factor of homonyms, Wijana classifies in his book with the title “Semantik” . Wijana’s
classifies gejala bahasa into gejala bahasa karena penambahan fonem, gejala bahasa penghilangan fonem, gejala pertukaran letak fonem, gejala perubahan
fonem Wijana, 2004.
“Gejala bahasa adalah peristiwa yang menyangkut bentukan-bentukan kata, atau kalimat dengan segala macam proses pembentukanny
Badudu, 1980, 47.
According to Weijnen dialect is “dialek adalah sistem kebahasaan yang digunakan masyarakat untuk membedakannya dari masyarakat lain yang
bertetangga dengan mempergunakan system yang berlainan walaupun erat hubungannya”
Weijnen, 1975.
16 Guiraud said that “pembeda dialek dalam hal semantik
terciptanya kata-kata baru berdasarkan perubahan fonologi dan geseran bentuk. Geseran tersebut ada dua bentuk, yaitu pemberian
nama berbeda untuk linambang sama di tempat berbeda, geseran ini pada umumnya dikenal sebagai sinonim, padan kata atau sama
makna. Sedangkan pemberian nama sama untuk hal berbeda di beberapa tempat berbeda geseran ini disebut homonim
Guiraud, 1970”.
The writer takes an opinion that is proposed by Chaer that is
“Homonyms is formed from two words. They are “onoma” that means as “name”, and “homo” that means as “same” so homonym is some words that
have same name but different meaning Chaer, 1990:96”. Keraf says “Homonim adalah kata-kata yang bunyinya sama tetapi
berbeda arti” Keraf, 1984:37. In homonyms it is usually called as
homograph, because there are some words which are spelt in the same way, but pronounced differently.
Besides, there are some words which are spelt differently, but they are pronounced in the same way. It is called as homophone. On the other hand,
homonyms is some words with the same shape. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and
society, the context in which it is used. It identifies the social function of language and the ways it is used to convey social meanings J. Holmes, 1992.
This theory used to look for the causal factor of homonyms and the effect of homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. Hopefully, this research
can give a little description about Wonorejo’s Javanese Language. Because of Wonorejo’s Javanese Language has different meaning if it is
compared with the Javanese dictionaries, the writer takes Halim opinion about
17 traditional language. Hopefully, the reader or Wonorejo’s society especially
all of the Javanese societies are proud with their traditional language. Halim 1984:22 said that “traditional language’s position in Indonesia is guaranteed
by UUD 1945 which state that traditional language are one of culture’s potential wealths which can influence, support, enrich national language
which have to maintain by all parts of the nation. Javanese language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia. Besides,
it has an old age and deeply rooted of literature tradition; until recent days, it is still used on daily communication by large number of its speech
communities. It is observed from the amount of the users, Javanese language is used by over than 60 millions of Javanese people Djojodigoeno, 1976:1.
The writer takes this opinion because Wonorejo’s Javanese language is a language that has different interesting thing to analyze.
According to Geertz 1977, Javanese language is acquainted with three language stratification. They are karma inggil, krama madya, and ngoko.
Ngoko is the lowest level. It is used when addressing someone of the same
status, of the same age or of lower status, such as close friends, younger persons, and subordinates. Krama madya is the middle level which is used
when addressing a second person who is fairly respected, for example a new acquaintance and respected younger persons. Krama inggil is the highest
level. It is used when addressing a second person or talking about third person who is highly respected, such as teachers, parents, grandparents, etc. the writer
18 takes this opinion to find out the Javanese language level that Wonorejo’s
societies choose in their spoken. Since a kid “each individuals is absorbed by culture’s value of their
society, the culture’s conception becomes rooted into their mentality and difficult to substitute by other culture’s value for brief periods”
Koentjaraningrat, 1969:18. Actually, every body is a part of certain culture in their own environment. The culture is influencing their attitude and
behavior which can develop their personality. This pattern is reflected in the society’s daily life related to their views Sastroatmaja, Suryanto, 2001. This
condition concerns on the language of Javanese teenagers will be maintained and restored their language because the value of traditional culture has
particularistic feature. And teenagers are the only hope who can continue the perpetuation of traditional heritage. It means that the value occurs generally
and gradually in culture region of certain tribes. The writer adopts the meaning of ambiguous from Jerrold J. Katz opinion
that is “semantic ambiguity is multiplicity of senses versus uniqueness of sense that have more than one sense and the fact that the sentences have two
or more senses 1964:296. The writer takes this opinion because ambiguous is the effect of homonyms words that exists in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.
The writer also uses semantic books written by Palmer as reference in writing and researching this research. In this book, the writer takes Bloomfield
opinion about behaviorism. The writer tries to look for and analyze the connection between homonyms words in Wonorejo’s Javanese language and
19 behaviorism theory. Bloomfield said that “we can define the meaning as a
speech form accurately when this meaning has to do with same matter of which possess scientific knowledge” 1981:58. This opinion can help the
researcher in identifying the causal factor of homonyms word which exist in Wonorejo’s Javanese language. Because behaviorism influences language
acquisition, it has connection to the homonyms word that presence in Wonorejo’s Javanese language.
According to Wijana’s opinion about homonyms, he divided homonyms into two categories, they are homography and homophony. He said that
“homografi kesamaanya terletak pada keidentikan oftografi tulisan atau ejaan, seperti kata “seri” yang dapat bermakna ‘sinarsari dan ‘jilid’ seri,
semi yang bermakna ‘tumbuh’ sami. Sementara iu, homofoni menyandarkan kesamaanya pada keidentikan bunyi atau pengucapan. Misalnya kata ‘bang’
dapat bermakna ‘kakak’ dari abang, ‘yayasan keuangan’ dari bank, ‘suara azan’, dan ‘tiruan bunyi peti jatuh”
Wijana, 1995:192. The writer adopts Leech’s Seven Types of Meaning to look for the
relationship between homonym expression presence in Wonorejo’s Javanese language with this theories. Geofrey Leech 1981:9-23.
i. Conceptual meaning
ii. Connotative meaning
iii. Social meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the social
circumstances of language use.
20 iv.
Affective meaning, i.e. what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.
v. Reflected meaning, i.e. what is communicated through
association with another sense of the same expression. vi.
Collocative meaning, i.e. what is communicated through association with words which tent to occur in the
environment of another word. Example : pretty and handsome is the same meaning for good looking word
expression. vii.
Thematic meaning, i.e. what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms or order, focus,
and emphasis.
21
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
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