Statistical Analysis Sampling Procedure and Data Collection .1 Plant Production

28 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 M g ha days 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 M g ha shading highly influenced to forage yield. In S. splendida, within the longer time of defoliation management, it required less organic fertilizer. It could be seen in Table 8 that the optimum forage yield for 0 levels of shade in 40 days after plantation for 30 Mgha, and with the longer time of defoliation management 50 and 60 days after plantation, the requirement of organic fertilizer was reducing for 20 Mgha. The result quite different with the influence of the limitation of sun availability, whereas in 60 levels of shade showed the higher organic fertilizer requirement for 20 Mgha for 40 and 50 days after plantation. The organic fertilizer was required higher for 30 Mgha for the longer time defoliation management 60 days after plantation. In this study, defoliation management has a significance effect due to forage yield Figure 11. Figure 11. The main effect defoliation management on forage yield Mgha S. splendida. Subscripts with the same letter showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in P0.05. Figure 11 described the influence of defoliation management due to fresh weight of S. splendida. It could be seen that the different time of days after plantation has lead the different amount of fresh weight production. In this study, there was significance different on 60 days defoliation management p0.05. It also found that S. splendida did not show the direct effect regarding to shading effect. However, the influenced of levels of shade has seen as the interaction with the additional organic fertilizer Figure 12. a a ab 29 Figure 12. The interaction both fertilization and levels of shade measurement on fresh weight production of S. splendida Figure 12 described that there was an interaction both fertilization and levels of shade. It could be seen that the additional fertilizer related to the availability of light. Fertilizer has a function in supporting nutrient, specifically when plant in an emerge condition, lack of nutrient or sun availability. Therefore the additional fertilizer was important. On figure 12 described that the additional fertilizer on 80 levels of shade has been encouraged forage yield, event tough it could not be higher compared with 60 levels of shade. Nevertheless, this founding could be useful as the farming management system as the initial information of S. splendida as the forage forest plantation. The study regarding plant production and the influenced of light has been done by Baruch and Gueni 2007. Based on their observation in understanding forage production and irradiance acceptation by Brachiaria S.p. They declared that the forage production was dramatically decreasing with the lower number of irradiances. The other research also showed by Poorter Oberbauer 1993 who stated that plants in high light, on the other hand are faced with high radiation loads. Thus, they invest more in root mass, in a way that compensates for higher transportation losses by water uptake. The production was increased by means of a higher light-saturated photosynthetic rate. It agreed by Lambers et al. 1998 who stated that the sun radiance availability is the major ecological factor affected plant growth and survival. Plants could respond with genetic adaptation and phenotypic acclimation 30 to low levels of irradiance. It was clearly described that the sun radiance supply was highly influenced on biomass production. It was related to the photosynthetic energy captured, providing green plants with almost all of their chemical energy, and central to their ability to compete and reproduce Givnish 1998. The data in field experimental research showed the similar trend which occurring in Agroforestry system, in Lembang, West Java. In the actual condition the levels of shade were highly influenced forage yield. Further it also observed that the organic fertilizer showed the dramatically change due to yield production. Defoliation treatment also affected due to biomass accumulation. The study showed optimum days after cut was 50d. On 50 days of cut, reflected the optimum fresh weight accumulation both in P. purpureum and S. Splendida. In 40 days after plantation, forage production was not optimum, whereas the yield was slowly decreasing after 50 days after cut. It could be seen that less production was obtained in 60d, compared with 50d. However the data might highly beneficial used for forage management information for sustainability of dairy farming. We also observed the respond of the forage from experimental treatment on the plant height. It was considering as the growth stage of the plant. The data regarding plant height of the plant was obtained on this research showed in Table 9. Table 9. The Measurement plant layer height cm P. purpureum on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d 30 244±19.7 249±10.6 242±4.9 20 216±18.3 229±14.1 222±12.7 10 185±5.6 225±5.6 233±0.7 60 30 279±7.7 275±10.6 234±15.5 20 251±4.2 259±24.1 250±21.2 10 247±7.7 248±6.3 250±6.3 80 30 258±13.3 231±23.3 221±36.7 20 245±48.1 242±52.3 179±12.1 10 222±4.2 230±19.7 219±6.3 Table 9 described the distribution of plant height of P.purpureum. It was measured that the range of plant of height was 179-279 cm. Plant height was the one of indicator on plant growth. Plant growth strongly correlated with the sun availability. The levels of shade treatment has dramatically influenced on forage 31 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 60 80 cm layer height. It could be seen that in Figure 13 showed how levels of shade treatment influenced plant height on P. purpureum. Figure 13. The main effect levels of shade measurement on plant height cm of P. purpureum. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in P0.05. In general, the plant height was gradually increasing with the higher number of levels of shade. It could be seen in Figure 13 that, the plant height was higher in 60, but slowly decreasing to 80 levels of shade. It obtained the average of highest plant height was 254.94 cm and found in 60 levels of shade. It also gained that 0 levels of shade produced the less plant height as 227.39 cm. The different average of plant height was occurring as the kind adaptation mechanism of forage, as the less number of irradiance that accepted by forage for photosynthesis. In this study, it also found the interaction both the additional organic fertilizer and defoliation management. In Figure 14, it could be seen the interaction on both factors organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments. b a b 32 50 100 150 200 250 300 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 10 Mgha 20 Mgha 30 Mgha cm Figure 14. The interaction both defoliation and fertilization treatment measured on plant height of P. purpureum. In the previous discussion, it has been discussed about fresh weight production which showed the interaction both fertilizer and defoliation management. The similar result also found on the respond of plant height on P.purpureum. Plant height was the respond on plant growth; therefore the higher organic fertilizer was required on shorter defoliation management 50d. Moreover, the additional fertilizer leads to the higher plant height on P.purpureum. It could be seen from Figure 14 that as the additional of organic fertilizer for 30 Mgha showing the higher plant height. The measurement of plant height also conducted on S. Splendida. It could be seen clearly on Table 10. Table 10. The Measurement plant height cm on S. Splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d 30 70±9.1 65±7.7 62±4.9 20 63±2.5 70±7.0 74±6.8 10 73±8.3 63±8.7 73±6.3 60 30 75±7.5 89±6.6 93±3.1 20 96 ±2.6 101±0.6 88±5.0 10 94±4.2 96±2.6 87±5.8 80 30 81±7.5 99±5.1 92±4.0 20 92±6.1 87±10.6 86±15.5 10 96±9.7 102±5.6 102±6.6 33 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 40 50 60 cm days Table 10 described that the plant height of S. Splendida. The plant height range of S. Splendida was 63 – 102 cm. The height was varying since the experimental treatment given. Based on the statistical calculation it could be found that there was significance different on plant height due to the defoliation management p0.05. The main effect of defoliation management on S. Splendida could be seen on Figure 15. Figure 15. The main effect levels of shade measurement on plant height cm of S. Splendida. Subscripts with the same letter showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in P0.05 In Figure 15, it could be seen briefly that the different height of S. Splendida affected by the experimental treatment. In S. Splendida, the highest plant height was 94 cm that found in 80 levels of shade. It was higher compared than 0 levels of shade as 68.93 cm. In this study, it was probably the maximum stage for the respond of S. Splendida. Moreover, the height plant was found slowly decreasing as the higher levels of shade. Underneath limitation of sun availability, the requirement of organic fertilizer was higher. It could be seen that the plant height under 60 levels of shade was required 20 Mgha organic fertilizers in 40 and 50 days after plantation. Whereas, the longer time of defoliation management 60 days after plantation, the highest plant layer height was found with the additional 30 Mgha. The data explained that plant height as the one of adaptation mechanism on plant regarding the environmental condition due to the shading affect. It argued by Similarly Paez and Lopez 2000 who observed that plant height increased in the shading effect. Shading treatment extremely affected the plant height as its respond on the less number of the radiance. The other respond of plant respond b ab a 34 50 100 150 200 250 300 60 80 mm 2 b a b due to experimental research treatment was leaf area of the plant. It was measured on an each piece the leaf. The information of leaf area could be seen in Table 11. Table 11. The Measurement of leaf size mm 2 on P. purpureum on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d 30 164±67.7 174±57.7 187±25.2 20 165±81.4 260±7.0 280±64.1 10 166±33.3 195±26.9 219±55.4 60 30 225±31.5 241±31.7 274±39.9 20 194±29.7 248±42.2 261±21.2 10 164±19.9 266±36.3 294±44.2 80 30 172±19.6 174±16.8 257±36.7 20 201±63.8 230±53.4 298±12.1 10 155±42.5 176±7.8 282±10.1 Table 11 showed the measurement of leaf size on P. purpureum. Leaf size could be used as the indicator of growth and for the respond of experiment treatments. It related with the ability of leaf for photosynthesis process. Since the shading treatment was given influenced to the leaf size. We observed that defoliation management was significance different due to leaf size p0.05. Even though the organic fertilizer was not directly influenced for leaf size, but we observed the higher organic fertilizer was presented the higher leaf size within the higher levels of size. In 50 and 60 days after plantation underneath 60 levels of shade, the organic fertilizer required was 10 Mgha, while in 80 levels of shade the organic fertilizer was required for 20 Mgha. Figure 16 showed the impact of defoliation management due to leaf size of P. purpureum. Figure 16 . The main effect 1 levels of shade on leaf size mm 2 of P. purpureum. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column 35 50 100 150 200 250 300 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 10 Mgha 20 Mgha 30 Mgha mm 2 showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in P0.05. From figure above it could be seen that there was significance different on levels of shade p0.05. The highest leaf size was found in 60 levels of shade. There was a trend on higher number of leaf size regarding to the less number of irradiance accepted by plants. It was kind of plant adaptation of plant due to radiance limitation. There was also an interaction both defoliation management and the organic fertilizer Figure 17. Figure 17. The interaction both defoliation and fertilization treatment measured on leaf size of P. purpureum. Figure 17 showed the interaction both defoliation management and the additional of organic fertilizer. In general, it could be seen that the longer period of defoliation management result the higher number of leaf size 60d. It also could be understood that the additional organic fertilizer as 30 Mgha could improve the leaf size on P. purpureum. The other leaf size respond was showed on S. splendida Table 12. 36 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 80 mm 2 b a a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 40 50 60 mm 2 days b ab a Table 12. The Measurement of leaf size mm 2 on S. splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d 30 27±1.9 34±2.3 33±1.1 20 33±2.2 41±3.2 44±4.6 10 32±0.9 33±1.4 47±5.8 60 30 42±1.4 64±2.0 65±5.1 20 63±3.8 57±4.5 64±4.5 10 52±5.1 47±1.1 63±3.6 80 30 45±5.4 66±12.1 61±8.7 20 28±3.7 48±9.3 74±10.6 10 31±5.9 51±6.7 79±0.8 Table 12 described the distribution of leaf size measurement on S. splendida, with the different of levels of shade, the additional organic fertilizer and defoliation management. It could be seen the range of leaf size of S. splendida was 27 – 79 cm. The analysis was driven by statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance ANOVA showed that there was significance different on levels of shade and defoliation management due to leaf size of S. splendida p0.05 Figure 18. 1 2 Figure 18. The main effect 1 levels of shade and 2 defoliation management on leaf size mm 2 of S. splendida. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in P0.05. Figure 18 described the main effect of levels of shade and defoliation management due to leaf size of S. splendida. It could be seen that on 60 levels of shade, showed the higher respond due to leaf size 57.82 mm 2 whereas in the longer period of days after planting, leaf size were showing the widest one. It was 37 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 60 80 mm 2 gained that 59.13 mm 2 of leaf size was obtained in 60 days defoliation management. It could be seen that defoliation management has a relation with the additional of organic fertilizer. In 40 days after plantation, the highest leaf size was obtained in 20 Mgha for 60 levels of shade, whereas as 30 Mgha was required in 80 levels of shade. It indicated that in the higher levels of shade, forage required higher organic fertilizer. In this study, it was obtained the interaction both defoliation management and levels of shade. Figure 19 showed the interaction that occurred on S. Splendida Figure 19. The interaction both defoliation management and levels of shade measurement on leaf size of S. splendida. Figure 19 showed the interaction both defoliation management and levels of shade on leaf size of S. splendida. From this study it could be seen that the optimum leaf size was obtained on 60 levels of shade. In 80 of levels of shade, leaf size gradually decreased. Another factor influenced leaf size was defoliation management. It could be seen as the longer time of days after cut, the higher number of leaf size found. In P.purpureum, the highest leaf of size was found in 50 days after cut. The higher leaf size has been obtained in 60 days after cut in S. splendida. The other respond was chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll content was observed as the effect of experimental research treatments. Chlorophyll was the indicator of photosynthesis process occurred in plant. In photosynthesis process of a green plant, light is collected primarily by chlorophylls, pigments that absorb light at a wavelength below 480 nm and between 550 and 700 nm Heldt 2005. 38 Chlorophyll concentration was an indicator of plant responsiveness to light stress. Table 13 showed the information of chlorophyll concentration on P. purpureum. Table 13. The Measurement Chlorophyll content mggram of P. purpureum on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d 30 4.3±0.016 5.3±0.014 4.7±0.005 20 6.5±0.008 3.9±0.005 4.6±0.005 10 4.8±0.019 4.1±0.005 4.5±0.005 60 30 6.0±0.071 5.6±0.005 7.1±0.014 20 5.7±0.019 5.0±0.005 6.1±0.014 10 4.9±0.019 6.6±0.056 5.8±0.011 80 30 6.2±0.019 8.9±0.057 7.4±0.005 20 6.5±0.019 8.1±0.005 6.2±0.005 10 4.9±0.005 6.5±0.005 6.1±0.014 Table 13 described the amount of chlorophyll content on P. purpureum influenced by experimental treatment. The range of chlorophyll content on P. purpureum was 4.15 – 8.91 mggram. A statistical analysis was gained on the influenced of chlorophyll content on P. purpureum. In 0 levels of shade, within the different of defoliation management showed the varied of chlorophylls content. The chlorophyll content was lower in the longer time of defoliation management. As reveres, in the less of irradiance accepted by plants, the chlorophyll content was higher within the longer time defoliation management. It showed there was significance different due to levels of shade to chlorophyll content p0.05. Figure 20 showed the influenced of levels of shade on chlorophyll contents of P. purpureum. 39 2 4 6 8 60 80 m g g ram b a a Figure 20. The main effect levels of shade on Chlorophyll content mggram of P. purpureum. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in P0.05. Figure 20 showed that the highest chlorophyll content was found in 80 levels of shade as 6.70 mggram. The chlorophyll content was not different statistically on 60 and 80 levels of shade. We gained that chlorophyll content was highly different in 0 levels of shade. It found that as the less irradiance accepted by plants resulted on the higher chlorophyll content of P. purpureum. Shade leaves generally contained a greater mass of chlorophyll and were green darker in color. From this data, it could be obtained that as 29.03 of chlorophyll content was increasing rapidly on P. purpureum since it has been planted on 80 of levels of shade, compared with 0 shades treatment. We also gained that the concentration amount of chlorophyll content was higher in S. splendida than P. purpureum. The information of chlorophyll content was showed in Table 14. Table 14. The Measurement Chlorophyll content mggram of S. splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments. Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d 30 7.8±0.004 11.4±0.010 8.7±0.010 20 14.3±0.004 10.5±0.008 7.7±0.002 10 9.3±0.004 8.29±0.004 8.4±0.010 60 30 10.5±0.004 16.6±0.012 13.6±0.010 20 14.5±0.010 13.1±0.025 10.1±0.021 10 14.6±0.011 9.6±0.012 14.8±0.010 80 30 13.8±0.010 14.7±0.002 14.5±0.010 20 17.2±0.010 10.5±0.010 11.6±0.010 10 16.7±0.004 15.3±0.008 16.1±0.010 40 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 60 80 m g grm b a a Table 14 described the measurement of chlorophyll content of S. splendida within the different treatment of levels of shade, defoliation management and the additional organic fertilizer. It could be seen that the range of chlorophyll content was 7.0-17.50 mggram. This amount was almost twice higher compared with the chlorophyll content on P. purpureum. The statistical analysis was conducted and showed there was significance different of levels of shade due to chlorophyll content of S. splendida P0.05Figure 21. Figure 21. The mean effect levels of shade measured on Chlorophyll content mggram of S. splendida. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05. From the figure above it could be seen clearly that there was a trend on the increasing chlorophyll content affected by levels of shade. As previously discussion stated that the chlorophyll content gradually increased as the less irradiance accepted by plants. The data showed that the highest average of chlorophyll content was 14.53 mggram. It could be found in 80 of Levels of shade. The lower average of chlorophyll content was found in 60 of Levels of shade, as 13.02 mggram. The lowest chlorophyll content was found in 0 of Level of shades. Chlorophyll content also increasing as 23.41 as it planted in 80 levels of shade on S. Splendida. From the data it could be inferred that there was indication of plant respond due to the light availability. This situation strongly connected with photosynthesis process occurred on the plant. It was related to the process on how chloroplasts working. As Baruch and Gueni 2007 stated that in shade leaves, the chloroplasts move within the cells to take up a position where they will absorb the 41 maximum light without shading other chloroplasts below them. The chloroplasts are evenly distributed between the palisade and spongy mesophyll layers. By contrast, in sun leaves, the chloroplasts take turns in the bright light and then shelter in the shade of others whilst they make use of the light they have absorbed. At high irradiance, degradation overtakes synthesis and therefore lowers chlorophyll concentration, so that shaded leaves tend to have higher chlorophyll concentration per unit weight. As specifically there were two main different classes of chlorophylls. Scientist divided it into two main classes, chlorophyll-a Chl-a and chlorophyll-b Chl-b. It was separated based on its job and functions. Chl-a is a constituent of the photosynthetic reaction centers and therefore it can be regarded as the central photosynthesis pigment. Chl-b contains a firmly residue instead of the methyl residue in chl-a. This small difference has a large influence on light absorption Heldt 2005. In this study both chlorophyll was observed. The measurement of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b could be seen in Table 15. Table 15. The Measurement Chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b mggram of P. purpureum on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments. Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mgha Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d Chl-a content Chl-b content Chl-a content Chl-b content Chl-a content Chl-b content 30 3.6±0.008 0.9±0.033 4.2±0.001 1.1±0.016 3.6±0.008 0.1±0.003 20 4.9±0.008 1.6±0.003 3.7±0.008 0.1±0.003 3.6±0.008 0.9±0.003 10 3.4±0.008 1.4±0.003 3.2±0.008 0.9±0.003 3.6±0.001 0.8±0.016 60 30 4.4±0.008 1.5±0.033 4.3±0.008 1.2±0.003 5.5±0.001 1.6±0.016 20 4.3±0.008 1.3±0.003 4.7±0.089 0.2±0.003 5.1±0.017 1.5±0.007 10 3.6±0.008 1.2±0.003 5.2±0.008 1.4±0.033 4.6±0.008 1.2±0.003 80 30 4.6±0.008 1.6±0.003 6.7±0.008 2.1±0.033 5.7±0.008 1.7±0.003 20 4.5±0.008 1.5±0.003 6.1±0.008 2.1±0.003 4.7±0.008 1.4±0.003 10 3.7±0.008 1.1±0.003 4.9±0.008 1.5±0.003 4.7±0.001 1.3±0.016 Table above showed the measurement of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b contain on P. purpureum. It could be inferred that the different experimental treatment has lead to the different amount of chl-a and chl-b. As general, in the less of sun availability the amount of chl-a and chl-b was increasing within the longer time harvest time. In 60 and 80 levels of shade, the amount of chl-a and chl- b was rapidly higher in 40, 50 and 60 days respectively. However, in the 42 1 2 3 4 5 6 60 80 M g g ra m b a a 0.5 1 1.5 2 60 80 M g g ra m b ab a higher of irradiance accepted by plants in 0 levels of shade, the amount of chl- a and chl-b was slowly decreasing. It also could be noted that there was significance different P0.05 on the levels of shade on chl-a and chl-b, on P. purpureum Figure 22. Figure 22. The mean effect levels of shade and measurement on 1 Chlorophyll-a mggram and 2 Chlorophyll-b mggram of P. purpureum. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05. Figure 22 showed the main effect influenced by Levels of shade. From the figure above, it could be seen the effect of Levels of shade in the different defoliation management. In table above was described that there was significance different on level of shade on Chl-aand Chl-b content p0.05. It was noted that the highest average of chl-a and chl-b could be found in 80 of levels of shade. It has been observed that the highest chl-a was 6.74 mggram and chl-b was 0.19 mggram in P.Purpureum. From the figure above it could be seen clearly that there was a trend that showing the increment of chl-a and chl-b as the increasing levels of shade. It could be inferred on both plants showing the higher number of chl-a and chl-b content as the less irradiance accepted by plants. It could be seen that the chlorophyll-a content was rapidly increased on P. purpureum as 25.85, while chl-b was 20.97. The other information provided on chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b content on S.Slendida Table 16. 43 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 60 80 m g g ra m b a a Table 16. The Measurement Chlorophyll-a and Chlorophyll-b mggram of S. Splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments. Levels of shade Organic Fertilizer Mg ha 1 Defoliation management 40d 50d 60d Chl-a content Chl-b content Chl-a content Chl-b content Chl-a content Chl-b content 30 5.9±0.008 1.8±0.033 7.4±0.001 2.4±0.016 7.3±0.01 1.3±0.016 20 9.8±0.008 4.5±0.003 8.9±0.017 2.3±0.006 6.0±0.03 1.6±0.032 10 6.8±0.008 2.5±0.003 6.7±0.008 1.7±0.003 6.6±0.01 1.8±0.016 60 30 7.8±0.008 2.7±0.033 10.3±0.026 3.7±0.009 10.1±0.01 2.9±0.016 20 11.6±0.008 2.8±0.033 10.9±0.005 2.8±0.029 7.6±0.01 2.4±0.016 10 10.6±0.001 4.1±0.016 9.1±0.026 2.1±0.009 11.5±0.03 3.2±0.032 80 30 9.7±0.001 4.2±0.015 10.6±0.028 3.2±0.026 11.2±0.016 3.3±0.016 20 12.5±0.001 4.7±0.016 10.3±0.001 2.3±0.016 8.8±0.016 2.7±0.016 10 11.7±0.008 4.9±0.003 11.8±0.017 3.0±0.006 12.4±0.016 3.6±0.016 Table 16 showed the measurement of chlorophyll a and b on S. splendida. In S. splendida, the amount of chl-a and chl-b was higher than in P. purpureum. In this study, it also found that there was significance different on levels of shade due to chl-a and chl-b contain on S. splendida p0.05 Figure 23. Figure 23. The mean effect levels of shade and measurement on 1 Chlorophyll-a mggram and 2 Chlorophyll-b mggram of S. Splendida. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05 Figure 23 showed the influence of levels of shade on chl-a and chl-b on S. Splendida. The highest average of chl-a was 12.5 mggram and chl-b was 1.69 mggram. The highest number of chl-a and chl-b could be found in 80 levels of shade. It was calculated that there was an increment of chl-a for 23.40 and chl-b for 26.73 as the following levels of shade. 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 60 80 m g g ra m b a a 44

3.4.2. The Nutrient Analysis of P. purpureum and S. splendida

Since feeding alone accounts for more than 70 percent in the total cost on dairy farming practices, then balanced feeding of dairy animals played a vital role in a successful dairy development program worldwide. To maximize profitability from the animals, balancing feed needed to ensure that the cattle receive required quantity of protein, energy, minerals and vitamins, preferably from local available feed resources. Since the nutrient compound on feed determined to the performance of animal livestock, hence it strongly important emphasize the nutrient analysis on feed given. Nutrient content on feed take a big part on maintenance and productivity of the cattle. Insuring the nutrient requirement was important for the dairy farming practices. A balanced ration should provide protein, energy, minerals and vitamins from dry feed, green feed, concentrates, mineral supplements Etc. Therefore, it was important in appropriate quantities to enable the animal to perform optimally and remain healthy. Imbalanced feeding resulted many negative effects either to the cattle or the farmers. The impact resulted such low milk production, poor growth and reproduction, shorter productive life and lower profit to farmers. Feed production was determined on the production quantity and its nutrient content quality. In previous discussion, it clearly explained about production aspect of P. purpureum. In this part, the study explained deeply about the nutrient quality on forage. The data obtained from field center experiment research providing important information for the dairy farming practices. The quality of nutrient was analyzed including dry matter content DM, ash content, crude fat content, crude protein content and crude fiber content. In the beginning information of this part, it implied the data of DM measurement of P. purpureum. Since the dry matter is fundamentally important in feeding nutrition. It established the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated DM is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use NRC 2001. The information regarding DM production of PpPurpureum was provided in Table 17. 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 60 80 M g ha a ab b 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 50 60 M g ha days Table 17. The Measurement dry matter DM production Mgha of P. purpureum on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading Level Organic Fertilizer Mgha Harvest interval times 40d 50d 60d 30 5.2±0.033 4.8±0.092 7.2±0.029 20 4.2±0.483 3.1±0.023 4.0±0.152 10 2.8±0288 3.4±0.196 6.0±0.281 60 30 4.3±0.002 3.6±0.240 3.9±0.014 20 2.6±0.301 2.9±0.283 6.9±0.056 10 1.8±0.084 3.2±0.134 3.1±0.045 80 30 2.3±0.015 4.1±0.005 2.1±0.149 20 1.5±0.177 2.6±0.008 2.3±0.129 10 0.8±0.369 1.8±0.396 2.0±0.054 Table 17 showed the variety amount of DM production on P. purpureum. It showed that the DM production was varied, influencing by experiment treatments. Furthermore, we also observed that the range of DM productions on P. purpureum was 0.8-7.3 Mgha. Underneath levels of shade, in resulting maximum DM production, it required higher organic fertilizer. It could be seen from table 17 that the highest DM production was obtained when 30 Mgha organic fertilizers were added. We also observed that there was significance different on levels of shade p0.05, and defoliation management on DM production Figure 24. 1 2 Figure 24. The main effect 1 levels of shade and 2 defoliation management of P. purpureum on DM production. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05 Figure 24 showed that there was significance different on levels of shade and defoliation management due to DM production. The graph showed that the decreasing of DM production as the impact of less irradiance accepted by plant. b b a 46 1 2 3 4 5 6 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 40d 50d 60d 10 Mgha 20 Mgha 30 Mgha M g ha Figure 25 showed the decreasing of DM production, due to the higher levels of shade used. The different number levels of shade have brought the different DM production p0.05. Levels of shade have dramatically impact on DM production. It could be seen that the less irradiance accepted by plants leaded to the lower number of DM production. We calculated that the average of DM production was 2.48 Mgha, and found in 80 levels of shade. In other hand, DM production was slowly depleting into 36.50 since it planted within low irradiance number. We also observed that defoliation management showed the increment trend as the longer harvest time. Harvest time gave a chance for a plant in accumulating DM production; therefore the optimum DM production was obtained in 60 days after plantation whereas the lowest one was found in 40 days after plantation. We also gained some interaction, which showed two factors strongly connected; fertilizer treatment and defoliation management. In Figure 25, it could be seen that the interaction on both factors. Figure 25. The interaction both defoliation management and the additional organic fertilizer on leaf size of P. purpureum Figure 25, described there was interaction both defoliation management and the additional organic fertilizer given to P.purpureum. It could be understood that as the longer harvest time showed the increment of DM production while the additional of organic fertilizer supported on the plant growth. This information 47 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 60 80 M g ha might be useful for the dairy farmer in enhancing the higher DM production. The others information provided on DM production of S. Splendida Table 18. Table 18. The Measurement dry matter DM production Mgha of S. Splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading Level Organic Fertilizer Mgha Harvest interval times 40d 50d 60d 30 4.2±0.033 3.7±0.092 2.8±0.029 20 3.1±0.483 4.3±0.023 3.4±0.152 10 3.2±0.288 2.3±0.196 2.7±0.281 60 30 2.8±0.002 3.1±0.240 2.7±0.014 20 3.1±0.301 3.2±0.283 2.1±0.056 10 2.8±0.084 3.1±0.134 2.4±0.045 80 30 2.5±0.015 2.3±0.005 1.4±0.149 20 2.1±0.177 1.1±0.008 2.1±0.129 10 1.9±0.369 2.3±0.396 2.0±0.054 Table 18 showed that the DM production measurement on S. splendida, since it planted in the different experiment treatments. The amount of DM production of S. Splendida was varied since it influenced by shading, fertilizer and defoliation management. The information regarding dry matter production influenced by levels of shade could be seen on Figure 26. Figure 26. The main effect levels of shade of S. splendida on DM production. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05 Figure 26 showed that the levels of shade had a dramatically impact due to DM production on S. splendida. It could be understood since the less number of irradiance accepted by plants also impacted to DM production. However level of shade was not a single factor influencing DM production on S. Splendida. The a a b 48 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 60 80 60 80 60 80 10 Mgha 20 Mgha 30 Mgha M g ha highest DM production was 4.38 Mg ha -1 , and the lowest DM production was 1.01 Mg ha -1 . DM production in S. Splendida affected by levels of shade. The average of DM production was depleting for 28.69, this amount was lower compared with P. Purpureum. It indicated that S. Splenida has a more tolerance due to the availability of light. There was an interaction that raising both shading level and the organic fertilizer treatment. In following Figure, it could be seen the interaction on both factors shading and organic fertilizer. Figure 27. The interaction both levels of shade and the additional organic fertilizer on DM production of S. splendida Figure 27 described the interaction both levels of shade and the additional of organic fertilizer on S. splendida. It could be seen that the additional of organic fertilizer highly related with levels of shade. In the less irradiance accepted by plants, it could be seen that the organic fertilizer could improve DM production. In 60 and 80 levels of shade, the additional of organic fertilizer was higher required in enhancing DM production. This respond could be understood regarding the importance of organic fertilizer in supporting plant growth in the less irradiance condition. The following analysis was Ash content. Ash is the inorganic residue remaining after the water and organic matter have been removed by heating in the presence of oxidizing agents. It provides a measure of the total amount of minerals within a feedstuff. The initial measurement of Ash content was highly 49 useful to describe total amount of minerals that presented within a feed. The mineral content was measured on the amount of specific inorganic components present within a feed. A number of inorganic elements are essential for normal growth and reproduction of animals. Mineral required for animal feed. Those required in gram quantities are referred as macro minerals and this group includes calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium and sulfur. The macro minerals are important structure component of bone and others tissue and serve as important constituents of body fluids. Those elements required in milligram or micrograms amounts are referred to as Trace minerals cobalt, copper, iodine, iron Ect. Table 19 showed the Ash content analysis on P. purpureum. Table 19. The Measurement ash content of P. purpureum on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading Level Organic Fertilizer Mgha Harvest interval times 40d 50d 60d 30 5.4 4.1 4.7 20 4.5 6.3 5.6 10 6.5 6.5 5.3 60 30 7.8 5.9 5.4 20 5.3 7.9 4.7 10 6.8 5.6 6.1 80 30 8.7 7.1 5.4 20 8.1 6.7 7.8 10 5.5 6.9 6.6 Table 19 showed the measurement of ash content on P. purpureum since it was planted in different experiment treatment. The range of ash compound was around 4.0-8.7, since shading, organic fertilizer and defoliation management affected it. Ash compound also highly connected with levels of shade, where the availability of light was significantly influenced ash content p0.05. In general it was observed that the ash content was slowly decreased by the longer time for harvest time. In table 19, the highest ash content was found in 50 days after plantation, and slowly decreasing in following time. The ash content was tending to increase by the adding organic fertilizer. The broad data showed in 30 Mgha of organic fertilizer, be able to improve ash content in P. purpureum. The information regarding the influence of levels of shade provided in Figure 28. 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 60 80 b ab a Figure 28. The main effect levels of shade of P. purpureum on ash content . Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05 Figure 28 explained about the influence of levels of shade due to ash content. From figure above, it could be seen that an increment trend of ash percentage due to levels of shade. The highest ash content found in 80 of levels of shade. The average of ash content was 7.03 on P .purpureum and slowly decreased in the lower of levels of shade. However, as 11.54 of ash content was gradually depressed since it was cultivated underneath 80 levels of shade. The influence of shading, organic fertilizer and defoliation management on S. Splendida was observed. Table 20 provided clearly regarding ash content on S. Splendida. Table 20. The Measurement ash content of S. Splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading Level Organic Fertilizer Mgha Harvest interval times 40d 50d 60d 30 8.1 8.0 7.8 20 8.2 8.7 8.7 10 8.7 7.5 5.7 60 30 8.2 8.6 7.9 20 10.8 10.5 8.0 10 8.5 8.6 8.7 80 30 7.1 9.7 8.7 20 8.6 10.3 9.0 10 9.4 9.6 9.7 Table 20 showed the measurement of ash content on S. Splendida due to the varied experiment treatment. The range amount of ash content on S. Splendida was 5.71-10.87. As general, we obtain a higher percentage of ash