The Nutrient Analysis of P. purpureum and S. splendida
50
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
60 80
b ab
a
Figure 28. The main effect levels of shade of P. purpureum on ash content .
Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in
p0.05
Figure 28 explained about the influence of levels of shade due to ash content. From figure above, it could be seen that an increment trend of ash
percentage due to levels of shade. The highest ash content found in 80 of levels of shade. The average of ash content was 7.03 on P .purpureum and slowly
decreased in the lower of levels of shade. However, as 11.54 of ash content was gradually depressed since it was cultivated underneath 80 levels of shade. The
influence of shading, organic fertilizer and defoliation management on S. Splendida was observed. Table 20 provided clearly regarding ash content on S.
Splendida. Table 20. The Measurement ash content of S. Splendida on Levels of Shade,
organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading
Level Organic Fertilizer
Mgha Harvest interval times
40d 50d
60d 30
8.1 8.0
7.8 20
8.2 8.7
8.7 10
8.7 7.5
5.7 60
30 8.2
8.6 7.9
20 10.8
10.5 8.0
10 8.5
8.6 8.7
80 30
7.1 9.7
8.7 20
8.6 10.3
9.0 10
9.4 9.6
9.7 Table 20 showed the measurement of ash content on S. Splendida due to
the varied experiment treatment. The range amount of ash content on S. Splendida was 5.71-10.87. As general, we obtain a higher percentage of ash
51
7 7.5
8 8.5
9 9.5
60 80
a ab
b
content in S. Splendida compared with P. purpureum. Ash content on P. purpureum was significantly different due to levels of shade treatment p0.05.
In general, as the longer time of defoliation management, ash content was slowly decreasing. In S. splendida, the ash content was found in 50 days after plantation,
and slowly decreasing after longer defoliation management. The additional organic fertilizer showed the lower amount of ash content in S. splendida. It was
calculated that adding 10 Mgha of organic fertilizer found the average of lowest ash content. The influence of levels of shade on ash percentage could be seen
obviously in Figure 29.
Figure 29. The mean effect levels of shade of S. splendida on ash content . Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the
significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05
Statistical analysis by using Analysis of Variance ANOVA showed that levels of shade has a significantly different due to levels of shade p0.05 on ash
percentage . The result indicated an influenced of levels of shade due to ash content. However, in the lower levels of shade 0 and 60, the less ash content
produced. The trend was not only occurred in S. Splendida, but also in P. purpureum.
In previous discussion, it stated that levels of shade have gradually changes to DM production. There was considerable evidence that the reducing
radiation may changes the chemical composition of forage. Ash is a component reflected mineral content in plants. Mayland 1974 stated that the ash content of
shaded forage is increased to levels sometimes twice that of un-shaded plants, because of higher concentration of K, Mg, Ca and P. The reduced intake of
52
shaded forage was attributed to its lower soluble sugar content. The information this study might probably useful for the following research on mineral content in
forage. It could be used to determined diet of feed for the dairy cattle. The following nutrient analyze observed was crude fat. Crude fat fat was
briefly known in the nutrient consideration mostly measured in animal feed. Fat is typically feed to increase the energy density of the diet. In an effort to support an
energy-demanding function milk production, energy of dense nutrients fat is often included in the diet in small amount 3 to 5 of diet DM. Fat
supplementation has other potential benefit, such as increased absorption of fat- soluble nutrients and reduced dustiness of feed. An additional positive response to
fat supplementation has been improved fertility Staples et.al 1995. In this study, we would like to gain deeply information regarding fat content analysis. The
analysis of fat analysis could be seen in Table 21. Table 21. The Measurement fat content of P. purpureum on Levels of Shade,
organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading
Level Organic Fertilizer
Mgha Harvest interval times
40d 50d
60d 30
1.4 1.5
3.3 20
1.2 2.9
1.8 10
4.3 3.0
2.9 60
30 1.5
1.1 2.7
20 1.2
1.6 1.5
10 1.3
1.8 1.5
80 30
1.6 1.6
2.8 20
1.5 4.3
2.8 10
1.5 4.6
3.8 Table 21 showed the varied number of fat content on P. purpureum since
it highly affected by shading, organic fertilizer and defoliation management. The fat percentage‘s was range from 1.24- 4.64, with the average 2.27. In
general, as the longer time for harvesting, the respond of fat content was higher. 60 days after plantation, showing the highest average of fat content on P.
purpureum. It has been known briefly that supplemental fat has dramatically increased milk yield in many studies; however, responses have been variable.
Some of the variation may be due to depression of feed intake, when feeding supplemental fat given. Moreover, we also observed that levels of shade has a
significantly effect due to fat content on P. purpureum P0.05 Figure 30.
53
0.0 0.5
1.0 1.5
2.0 2.5
3.0
60 80
a ab
b
Figure 30. The mean effect levels of shade of P. purpureum on fat content . Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the
significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05.
From figure above, it could be seen the highest amount of fat content was 4.64, found in 80 Levels of shades. The influence of supplemental fat on milk
fat percentage is varied and depends on fat composition and the amount of feed. Fat supplemental can positively influence reproductive performance of dairy
cows. A summary of 20 studies indicated that the first service conception rate or overall conception rate was increase in 11 of studies Staples et. al 1995. In most
situation, total dietary fat should not exceed 6-7 percent of dietary DM. Feeding higher concentrations of fat can result in reduced DM intake, even if fat has
minimal effect on rumen fermentation Schauff and Clark 1992. The other information provided regarding fat content on S. splendida Table 22.
Table 22. The Measurement fat content of S. splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments
Shading Level
Organic Fertilizer Mgha
Harvest interval times 40d
50d 60d
30 2.4
1.5 1.8
20 3.0
2.2 1.5
10 2.1
1.8 1.9
60 30
2.7 1.9
1.5 20
1.9 1.6
1.4 10
2.1 1.6
2.1 80
30 1.9
2.7 1.9
20 1.6
1.5 2.2
10 3.1
1.8 2.1
54
Table 22 showed the measurement of fat content on S. Splendida since it planted in different experiment treatment. The range of fat content on S.
Splendida was varied from 1.53-3.17, with the average 2.07. We observed that S. splendida has lower fat content compared with P. purpureum. In this study,
defoliation management has a significance effect on fat content p0.05. Figure 32 showed the fat content as the effect of defoliation management.
Figure 31. The main effect levels of shade of S. splendida on fat content .
Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in
p0.05
On Figure 31, it could be seen the main effect of fat content on S. Splendida as the effect of level of shades. As generally, the study showed that
there was a trend on increasing of crude fat content as the higher number of Levels of shade. The average of data gained showed that the increment for
16.35 f as the higher Levels of shade. The other component of feed that influenced to milk production was
dietary protein. Dietary protein generally refers to crude protein CP, which is defined for feedstuff as the nitrogen N content x 6.25. The definition is based on
the assumption that the average N content of feedstuff is 16g per 100 g of protein. Increasing the protein concentration of the diet of lactating dairy cows can often
increase milk production. Daily milk production increased linearly from 36.6 to 38.6 kg as the dietary protein content increased from 138 to 23.9 DM basis;
Grinset. al. 1991 .
0.0 0.5
1.0 1.5
2.0 2.5
40 50
60
days
a b
ab
55 Crude protein could reflect the limitation factor of feed that given to the
dairy cattle. Furthermore, the quality of feed was determined by the availability of crude protein. In addition, feed price also highly related with the protein contain.
In Indonesia, mostly feeder contain higher protein has the higher price, due to its effect to the milk production resulted. Now a days, many dairy farmers were
trying to fill protein contain on its feed in order they would be able to get higher price. On this research, the amount of crude protein contain was showed in Table
23. Table 23. The Measurement protein content of P. purpureum on Levels of
Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading
Level Organic Fertilizer
Mgha Harvest interval times
40d 50d
60d 30
7.6 8.6
6.4 20
8.0 7.2
6.9 10
6.3 7.4
6.0 60
30 8.0
9.0 8.2
20 7.8
9.1 7.0
10 8.6
8.6 8.1
80 30
9.3 11.3
10.1 20
13.8 10.7
12.0 10
14.5 13.2
9.8 Table 23 showed the measurement of protein content on P. purpureum.
The amount of protein content was varied since it influenced by many factors such as shading, fertilizer and defoliation management. We observed that the
protein on P. purpureum, was 6-14, with the average of 9.16. From table 23 it could be seen in 0 of levels of shade, in 40 days after plantation, the highest
protein content was found if the additional of organic fertilizer was added for 20 Mgha. In the longer time defoliation management 50 days, the organic fertilizer
was added for 30 Mgha reflected highest protein content. In longest time of defoliation management, the requirement of organic fertilizer was reducing in
order to gain the maximum protein content. Unlike 0 of levels of shade, within the higher levels of shade, the additional organic fertilizer played important part.
In 60 levels of shade, the highest of protein content was found in 10 Mgha for 40 days after plantation, and followed by 20 Mgha for 50 and 30 MgHa for 60
days after plantation. In 80 of levels of shade, it could be gained that to obtain highest protein content was required 10 Mgha of organic fertilizer in 40 and 50
56
2 4
6 8
10 12
14
60 80
b ab
a
days, while it was needed higher as 20 Mgha for 60 days after plantation. In general, the additional of organic fertilizer was highly required, especially
underneath shading condition, and longer time of defoliation management. Levels of shade had a significance effect due to protein content p0.05 Figure 32.
Figure 32. The main effect levels of shade of P. purpureum on protein content
. Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in
p0.05
Figure 32 showed clearly the influenced of levels of shade due to protein content on P. purpureum. The less number of irradiance accepted by plants,
showed the increment of protein content . From figure above it could be obtained that the average of highest protein content was 11.73, since it was
planted in 80 levels of shade. We also observed the similar trend that found in S. splendida, due to protein content as the impact of experiment treatments Table
24. Table 24. The Measurement protein content of S. splendida on Levels of
Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading
Level Organic Fertilizer
Mgha Harvest interval times
40d 50d
60d 30
16.7 14.2
13.5 20
16.6 13.3
12.2 10
14.7 13.0
11.8 60
30 19.7
17.4 15.2
20 19.0
16.0 13. 1
10 16.5
12.6 12.5
80 30
22.4 18.6
18.8 20
22.3 18.1
17.2 10
19.8 17.6
17.1
57
5 10
15 20
25
60 80
b ab
a
Table 24 showed the measurement of protein content of S. splendida since it was planted in different experiment treatments. The data showed the range of
protein content was 12-22. This amount was higher compared with P. purpureum. It highly related with the kind of species. The additional of organic
fertilizer showed the high impact on S. splendida. From Table 34, it could be seen that the highest of protein content was found in the additional of 30 Mgha
organic fertilizers, either in 0 of levels of shade or 60 and 80 levels of shade. Defoliation management leaded to the slowly number of protein content
measurement. The data in Table 24 showed, in 60 days of after plantation, protein content was present the lowest content. As the analysis statistic driven by
ANOVA, it was stated that there was a significance difference on crude protein content due to the levels of shades p0.05. Moreover, levels of shade have
dramatically impact due to protein content Figure 33. Figure 33. The mean effect levels of shade of S. splendida on protein content .
Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in
p0.05
Figures 33 showed the main effect of levels of shade that dramatically effected protein content on S. splendida. Protein content was increasing rapidly as
the less irradiance accepted by plants. It was calculated that the highest protein content was found in 80 levels of shade, as 19.13. The equivalent result could
be seen in S. splendida that presented the highest crude protein percentage in the less irradiance accepted by plant. From this data, it could be inferred that crude
protein percentage has the relationship with the availability of sunlight. The least of the average of protein content was gained in full irradiance accepted by the
58
plant. The average of crude protein content was increasing for 26.95 in P.purpureum and 23.41 in S. splendida. The data has been showed that the less
of irradiance then the more nitrogen content produced. The amount of nitrogen content determines the crude protein percentage. The similar trend showed by
Sirait et.al 2005, based on their research on tropical grass Paspalum notatum, Brachiaria humidicola, Stenotaphrum secundatum showed the significance
different on protein content due to levels of shade. They obtained higher protein content in forage with shades compared with unshade forage. Though the biomass
production was declining due to levels of shade, the enhancement of nutrients could be gained in forage. The information might be used as the consideration on
dietary feed for the dairy cattle. The following information regarding nutrient content was crude fiber.
Crude fiber analysis was the last nutrient compound observed on this study. Crude fiber- carbohydrate was the major source of energy in diet feed to dairy cattle and
usually comprises 60-70 percent of the total diet. The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for rumen microbes and the host of animal. A
secondary, but essential, function of certain types of carbohydrate is to maintain the health of the gastrointestinal extract. The information regarding crude fiber
content of P. purpureum could be seen on Table 25. Table 25. The Measurement fiber content of P. purpureum on Levels of
Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments Shading
Level Organic Fertilizer
Mgha Harvest interval times
40d 50d
60d 30
29.8 29.1
29.9 20
28.6 31.2
29.4 10
29.5 30.2
29.1 60
30 31.4
31.2 30.5
20 32.3
32.1 29.8
10 31.1
30.4 30.3
80 30
28.6 30.9
28.6 20
28.1 31.1
29.4 10
26.8 30.3
29.2 Table 25 showed the measurement of crude fat on P. purpureum since it
was planted on the different experiment treatments. It was gained that the range of crude fiber content was 26-32 of total dry matter content. Moreover, we also
59
28 29
30 31
40 50
60
days
observed that crude fiber was highly influenced by levels of shade and defoliation management. It could be seen on Figure 34, the influence both the shading
treatment and harvesting management.
1 2 Figure 34. The main effect 1 levels of shade and 2 defoliation management of
P. purpureum on fiber content . Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the significant different test by Least Square
Determination LSD in p0.05
Figure above described the influence of defoliation management due to crude fiber content . From the figure above it could be understand that as
generally there was a trend on the increment of crude fiber content influenced by Levels of shade and Defoliation management. Crude fiber content was gradually
increasing since it planted in the higher levels of shade. In this study the measurement of optimum sun availability was 60 to produce highest crude fiber
content. Crude fiber percentage found gradually decreasing since it planted in 80 of levels of shade. It could be seen that the highest crude fiber percentage
found in 50 days after cut in P.purpureum. It was the maximum time to produce crude fiber content. As 30.75 of crude fiber content were calculated as the
highest ones. However levels of shade have an impact to crude fiber content. Crude fiber content on S. splendida was provided in Table 26.
28 29
29 30
30 31
31 32
60 80
b a
b a
b b
60
5 10
15 20
25 30
40 50
60
days
b a
a
Table 26. The Measurement fiber content of S. splendida on Levels of Shade, organic fertilizer and defoliation management treatments
Shading Level
Organic Fertilizer Mg ha
-1
Harvest interval times 40d
50d 60d
30 18.5
27.2 26.9
20 16.5
21.1 24.8
10 18.5
28.8 25.4
60 30
14.0 24.3
25.3 20
13.8 21.5
25.7 10
15.9 19.8
22.6 80
30 15.1
22.6 23.5
20 9.47
22.7 22.9
10 15.4
24.4 24.7
Table 26 showed the measurement of crude fiber content on S. splendida. From table above, it could be seen that the range of crude fiber was
9.47-28.85. This number was lower compared with P. purpureum. Furthermore, crude fiber content in S. splendida was affected directly by defoliation
management Figure 35
Figure 35. The main effect defoliation management of S.Splendia on fiber content . Subscripts with the same letter in the same column showed the
significant different test by Least Square Determination LSD in p0.05
Figure 35 described the main effect of crude fiber content due to defoliation management. Based on the statistical analysis, it was gained that the
different harvest time has a direct impact due to crude fiber analysis p0.05. It could be seen that the highest crude fiber content was found in 60 days after
plantation. In this study, it was the optimum time for S. splendida, when the crude fiber could be achieved. It was calculated that the highest crude fiber content was
24.70. It was the maximum time to produce crude fiber content. However levels
61 of shade have an impact to crude fiber content. The information might be useful to
determine the dietary of crude fiber content, especially for the lactating dairy cattle.
62
200 300
400 500
600 700
800 900
1000
2007 2008
2009 2010
2011 x
1 to
n
population head milk production tonnes