become several groups and ask them to solve the problem given. The problem could be from any topics such as social context or others. By doing this activity,
the students will have the responsibility to themselves and to the other members of their group. In addition, the students will improve their speaking skill because
this activity forces them to ask information and to convey ideas through speaking English which relates to the topic given by the teacher.
3. Debates Standing up in front of many people to convey arguments and to persuade the
others is not easy. It takes a lot of confidence and debate helps the students improve their self confidence. Besides performing themselves, the students could
learn from the others by paying attention on how people demonstrate their thoughts and persuade each other. It also improves
the students‘ general knowledge since the students need to understand the topic deeply. Debate strongly
helps the students to practice their speaking skill since they need to get to converse with others and see other people‘s point of view. This classroom activity
not only makes the students practice their speaking skill but also makes them practice their listening skill.
4. SimulationRole Play Improving
the students‘ ability in speaking skill also can be done by doing role play. It allows the students to explore their hidden resources and to engage
with others. The students also can express their experiences through actions on the stages. Therefore, they could improve their ability to perform their speaking skill.
5. Information Gap It is an activity where the students are given a task to complete the problem.
Each student is given different missing information and they must complete the missing information and must communicate it to the others to fill in the gaps. This
activity is one of communicative activity which can help the students to perform their speaking skill and if this classroom activity is done regularly, it can improve
their speaking skill better. The example of this activity could be like students share information to complete a class timetable.
6. Retelling Story It is appropriate way to make the students practice their speaking skill. The
students will retell the story given to them using their own vocabulary. In addition, this activity requires the students to make question and answer session
which will make them practice and perform more their speaking skill.
7. Speeches The students need to practice speaking English more formally and more
consciously in front of many people. So, they can improve their ability in speaking English. The more they do speech the better speaking skill they will get.
Doing speech in front of many people also could increase students‘ self quality.
e. Media
1. Communication Games It provides the students an activity which involves them to engage themselves
in communicative activity could be effective way to make them practice their speaking skill. Such a game is best implemented regularly to make the students
active in practicing their speaking skill. Games that can be used in communicative activities are snakes and ladders, describing, finish the story, telephone, sentence
race, and many other games.
2. Movie The teachers can use movie with English dialogues as media in teaching and
learning process. In using it as media, teacher asks the students to watch, listen, and imitating the way all actors in the movie speak. Also, to read and to identify
the subtitles commonly used are necessary.
Beside facilitating the students in learning speaking skill whether by providing them the classroom activities or by giving them speaking related-
instructions, the teacher can monitor the students‘ speech production to see what
components of speaking they already have and what areas that need to developed. The teacher also should provide sufficient environment which could be language
environment outside the classroom for the students to help them in performing their speaking skill ability.
The environment could be verbal and non-verbal language environment. The former could be implemented by having conversation with student in English.
Meanwhile, the latter may be applied by labeling some important things or building using English. Both classroom activities and language environment are
important to be implemented by the teacher to help the students improve their speaking skill.
In teaching speaking skill, at least there are four elements that should become sufficient exposures in the teaching and learning process. Those elements are,
first, teacher who teaches the target language to the students and provides the facilities to make the students practice to perform their target language.
The second is teaching structure which includes all process that the teacher conducts from planning the material to evaluation at the end of teaching and
learning process. The teaching structure also includes how the teacher develops the curriculum, choose what method to teach, and assess the students.
Moreover, curriculum is a standard concept which lead teacher in teaching. It could be shaped by the teacher based on the situation and the condition certain
and different place. The curriculum is developed by the teacher formally and informally. Here, teacher prepares plans for teaching activities from the start till to
the end. Teachers may do book selections which suit to the materials in curriculum they made before. Also, they may prepare teaching technique which is
most appropriate to the topics of the teaching materials. Furthermore, each student has different learning style that how they learn will
automatically affect the input. Some students do not have problem with listening to the teacher the whole period of time, but other may have. Therefore, it should
be concerned by the teacher through preparing the plans before, during and till the end of teaching process.
The third is classroom management that can be handled by the teacher that could help him or her to support the teaching and learning process in the
classroom. In addition, in this element, it can be seen how teacher conduct the teaching and learning process and how teacher use techniques of teaching
speaking skill. The last exposure is environment involvement which takes important role in
helping the students to practice their target language outside the classroom unconsciously. In addition, environment where the learner learns target language
contribute in influencing learners‘ ability. The quality of the environment is very important for learners to be successful in learning process. There are two kinds of
environment which are formal and informal environment. The formal environment focuses on the language as a material topic. Also, this environment
provides students to learn the language from the teacher, books, or other people.
50
While, the informal one provide learners communication situation encountered outside the classroom where language become a form of social behavior.
In conclusion, teaching speaking is an activity where the teacher helps the students to obtain their goals which are to be able to perform speaking well. This
activity requires the teacher to prepare, to implement, and to evaluate the speaking learning-teaching process in order to make the students improve their ability in
speaking.
f. Evaluation
In the teaching and learning process, it is necessary to know the progress of the students. To know such thing needs to employ an assessment on the students‘
learning result whether through a set of test or non-test activity. The assessment is n
ot only to assess the students‘ learning result but also the students‘ learning process.
Louma states ―Assessing speaking is challenging, however, because there are so many factors that influence our impression of how well someone can speak
50
Abdul Chaer, Psikolinguistik: Kajian Teoritik, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2009, p. 258.
a language, and because we expect test scores to be accurate, just and appropriate for our purpose.‖
51
It means that assessing speaking needs to be careful since every one of us has the different background knowledge of how good speaking is.
When doing evaluation, the teacher needs to cover three things. They are how success the teaching and learning process is, how well the students absorb the
materials taught, and what valuable information that teacher can use for the feedback and backwash.
Based on Brown‘s work, there are different five basic types of speaking which have different type of assessment tool. They are imitative
speaking, intensive speaking, responsive speaking, interactive speaking, and extensive speaking.
C
.
Previous Relevant Study
Here are the studies found by the researcher which are similar to the study that will be conducted by the researcher. The first relevant study
is ―The Relative effectiveness of Formal and Informal Exposure in EL Development
‖ and it was conducted in Nepal. This study was conducted to know how formal and informal
environment influenced people‘s speaking skill in different ways. In this study, the researchers had two groups of subjects who learned English in different ways
for the sampling. The researchers employed 58 subjects that were divided into two groups consisting of 29 subjects for each group. The first group represented those
who got their English trough learning it in the classroom or formal education and had no access to learn English outside the classroom. And, the second group was
those who never had formal education since they were child. They got English only trough their environment such as from TVs‘ programs, radios, newspaper,
and many others. The method which was used by the researchers was that the first group did
not have any exposures to English-speaking environment by way of visiting English-speaking countries, nor did they have any chances to come in contact
with native English-speaking people within their own country on a sustained
51
Louma, op. cit., p. 1.
