Media Talking about wants
a language, and because we expect test scores to be accurate, just and appropriate for our purpose.‖
51
It means that assessing speaking needs to be careful since every one of us has the different background knowledge of how good speaking is.
When doing evaluation, the teacher needs to cover three things. They are how success the teaching and learning process is, how well the students absorb the
materials taught, and what valuable information that teacher can use for the feedback and backwash.
Based on Brown‘s work, there are different five basic types of speaking which have different type of assessment tool. They are imitative
speaking, intensive speaking, responsive speaking, interactive speaking, and extensive speaking.
C
.
Previous Relevant Study
Here are the studies found by the researcher which are similar to the study that will be conducted by the researcher. The first relevant study
is ―The Relative effectiveness of Formal and Informal Exposure in EL Development
‖ and it was conducted in Nepal. This study was conducted to know how formal and informal
environment influenced people‘s speaking skill in different ways. In this study, the researchers had two groups of subjects who learned English in different ways
for the sampling. The researchers employed 58 subjects that were divided into two groups consisting of 29 subjects for each group. The first group represented those
who got their English trough learning it in the classroom or formal education and had no access to learn English outside the classroom. And, the second group was
those who never had formal education since they were child. They got English only trough their environment such as from TVs‘ programs, radios, newspaper,
and many others. The method which was used by the researchers was that the first group did
not have any exposures to English-speaking environment by way of visiting English-speaking countries, nor did they have any chances to come in contact
with native English-speaking people within their own country on a sustained
51
Louma, op. cit., p. 1.
basis. In the other hand, the second group of the subjects had no formal schooling at all but they had exposures to English-speaking environment through being
guides and expedition teams of mounterring and trekking for the foreigners. The researchers used
‘t’ test as the result of holistic mean of data in data analyzing and they revealed how formal and informal environments affect
student‘s language skill in different ways. They explained that the former promotes accuracy and the l
atter promotes fluency on student‘s oral performance of the language itself.
52
This study has the similar things to study with the research that was conducted by the researcher. It is how the informal environment affects the
students‘ language skill especially on their oral performance. The difference is that the previous study only focused on how the formal environment which is
classroom environment and informal environment affect the adults‘ speaking
performance differently. While, the study conducted by the researcher is not only focused on how both environments affect the learners‘ speaking performance but
also focused on how other aspects may affect the learners ‘ speaking performance.
The second study is ―Teaching Speaking through Story Telling A Case Study at the First year of SMK Puspita Bangsa Ciputat‖. This study was
conducted by Meita Rahmania. The researcher aimed to know whether teaching speaking through story telling techniques is more effective than teaching without
using story telling. She employed 20 subjects for the sample of the study. Meita observed the teaching learning process of the English teacher in the classroom and
asked for the students‘ scores of speaking test with and without story telling techniques to be compared. The researcher used t-test formula to count two
variables which were not correlated. She found that teaching speaking using story telling is more effective than teaching speaking without story telling.
53
This second study and the study conducted by the researcher have the same focus which is teaching speaking. However, there is the difference between both
52
Gulmez Shresta, op. cit,..
53
Meita Rahmania, ―Teaching Speaking Through Story Telling: A Case Study at the First Year of SMK Puspita Bangsa Ciputat‖ Skripsi at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
Jakarta, Jakarta, 2007, unpublished.
studies that is the study conducted by Meita used Story Telling as the technique while the study conducted by the researcher found Describing picture as the
technique used by the teacher. The third study is ―The Effectiveness of Using Describing Picture to Improve
Student‘s Speaking Skill in Descriptive Text An Experimental Research at the Eight Grade Students of SMP H. Isriati Semarang in the Academic Year of
20102011 .‖ This study was conducted by Inta Aulia Asfa. The researcher aimed
to know which technique is suitable to use in teaching speaking since the researcher assumed that students who have learned English for several years have
not been able to communicate used English. So, the researcher thought that there should be a solution to cope that problem. As result, the researcher tried to use
describin g picture as a method to improve students‘ speaking skill. The study was
conducted in two classes; the experimental group VIII A which was taught using describing picture and the control group VIII C which was taught with no using
of describing picture Direct Method as sample. To gather the data, the researcher gave speaking test which had been tried out to find out the validity, reliability, and
the difficulty level. The researcher used t-test formula to determine whether or not there was a
significance difference between students‘ score in experimental group and students‘ score in control group. She found that teaching speaking using
describing picture was effective method in improving stu dents‘ Speaking skill in
descriptive text at the eighth grade students of SMP H. Isriati Semarang.
54
The last previous study and the study conducted by the researcher similarly focus on Teaching Speaking with Describing Picture as technique used. However,
the difference of both is that the former used the experimental as the method of the study while the latter used an expository.
54
Inta Aulia Asfa, ―The Effectiveness of Using Describing Picture to Improve Student‘s
Speaking Skill in Descriptive Text An Experimental Research at the Eight Grade Students of SMP H. Isriati Semarang in the Academic Year of 20102011.‖ Skripsi at Walisongo State
Institute For Islamic Studies Semarang, Semarang, 2010, unpublished.