damaged cells can multiply and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and form cancer are
effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune system. Therefore cancer develops if the immune
system is not working properly or the amount of cells produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate.
Simplified from: www.digitalrecordings.compublcancer.html
e. Exercise Writing
Write the main sequenced explanations you may use your own words dealing with the text about the cancer leading to the cause of death.
Reading How It Works
Frogs are delightful creatures. Our country is home to more than 220 named species and they can be found in almost any Australian landscape. Most frogs lay
eggs on land or in the water. Then, after the eggs hatch, tadpoles enter the water for two weeks to six months depending on the temperature, before emerging as
froglets baby frogs.Not all frogs do this. The hippocket frog is a very interesting example of parental care. After the female hip-pocket frog has spawned, the male
will lie her eggs and about eight tadpoles wriggle up into each pocket where they grow into baby frogs. Australia’s two species of gastric brooding frogs are even
more amazing. They swallow their fertilized eggs and hatch the tadpoles in their stomachs. Six weeks later the frogs emerge from their mother’s mouth.
source:http:englishteachersmeeting.blogspot.com201011example-of-text.html Answer the following questions based on the text above:
1. As the explanation begins, how do you know that the writer likes frogs? 2. What behaviour is common to most frogs?
3. What explanation is given for the fact that some tadpoles spend longer in the water
than the other? 4. Why do some frogs have “hip pockets”?
4.2.10. Discussion Text
a. Social Function
A discussion text functions to provide information about controversial issues and present arguments from two sides: the pros and cons. This text is often closed with
recommendation.
b. Generic Structure TEXT ELEMENTS
CONTENT
Issue Introduction to the topic of discussionStatement of
issue. This can include a question and the view of the author.
Argumentation for Pointselaboration supported by evidence
Argumentation against Pointselaboration supported by evidence
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Recommendation Summaryconclusion
c. Language Features
The language features of Discussion text focus on general topics of human and non human being which are characterized by the use of:
1. Simple Present Tense
2. Logical conjunctives like however, similarly, etc.
3. Thinking verbs like “feel, believe, hope, think, etc.
4. Adverbials of manner like deliberately, hopefully, etc.
d. Examples of Discussion Text 1 National Exam in Pros and Cons
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national
exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams or Ujian nasional UN has continued. Some debates include the primary questions
such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the
current system. Hoever there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesnt need
the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students
competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students competences throughout the semester. In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an
instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Taken from: www.englishdirection.com.
2 Television: the Best Invention of the Twentieth Century?
During the twentieth century the world has witnessed the invention of many amazing things. Television is a great invention, but there are arguments for and against
whether it is the best invention of the twentieth century. Television was invented in the 1920s and first came to Australia in 1956. It has played an important role in
communicating news. We can learn instantly about what is happening in the world because of television. Also, television has provided people with entertainment in their
own homes. People in isolated areas can still feel part of the world because of television. For these reasons I feel that television could be considered the best
invention of the twentieth century. On the other hand, there are other inventions that could be considered to be better than television. Some might argue that the computer
should be awarded the distinction of being the best invention because computers have made life easier. Others might argue that medical inventions such as heart
peacemakers are the best inventions because they help to save lives. It can be seen that there are reasons for and against television being considered the best invention
of the twentieth century. After looking at both sides I still believe it is the best invention. Taken from: www.englishdirection.com.
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e. Exercise Writing
Analyze the texts above based on its elements. Paraphrase the points of each element and write them in the following table.
Text element CONTENT
Issue ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
Argumentation for ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
Argumentation against
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
Vocabulary Underline and replace the weak words in the sentences below with the powerful
words from the available mini-thesaurus below. 1. It was a nice day to go to the beach.
2. It was a really good movie. 3. The cheese was bad.
4. She played a really bad character in the play. 5. The apple pie was really nice.
6. I had a really nice time at the pool. 7. Sitting in the heat was a really bad experience.
8. He is really good at soccer. 9. Paying 99.9 was really good value for a pair of Reeboks.
10. She had a bad opinion of the movie.
MINI-THESAURUS
Bad Tedious, evil, wicked, vile, unfavorable, faulty, imperfect, rotten,
unpleasant Good
Fantastic, marvelous, exceptional, wonderful, fabulous, remarkable, outstanding
Nice agreeable, pleasant, delightful, enjoyable, delicious, well-
mannered, well-spoken, tasty, panoramic, fine
Grammar
Change the following sentences from Past Tense into timeless Present Tense. The first one is done for you.
1. There was an earthquake last year. Earthquake occurs
2. He was riding the bike ………………….
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3. She wore shoes ………………….
4. the water flowed to the sea …………….……
5. The curtain determined how much light entered the room. .............................. 6. The accelerator controlled he speed of the car. ...…………………
4.2.11. News Item Text
a. Social Function
