soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.
Source: www.englishdirection.com
e. Exercise
Vocabulary Change these nouns to their singular forms
1 teeth 5 geese
9 oases 13 lives
2 potatoes 6 hooves
10 dwarfs 14 salaries
3 radii 7 women
11 thieves 15 diaries
4 heroes 8 luxuries
12 mice 16 sheep
Grammar Arrange the following sentences into a good order of a report text. Correct the
form of the verbs in the bracket. 1. Then the snake open its mouth and move the egg into its throat.
2. Snakes eat all sort things. 3. Then the snake spit out the egg shell.
4. Snakes love to eat eggs. 5. Eggs be favourite food of many snakes.
6. It squeeze the egg with muscles in its neck. 7. When a snake eat an egg, the snake first curl around the egg.
8. It do not want the egg to roll away. 9. The egg break and go into the snake’s stomach.
4.2.6. Anecdote Text
a. Social Function
The social function of anecdotes is to tell funny and unusual stories and its main purpose is not only to get people entertained, but also to reveal a truth more
general than the brief tale itself.
b. Generic Structure Text Elements
Content Abstract
Statements introducing the topic, closely related to the title and usually in the form of rhetorical question.
Orientation The beginning of the story and introducing the setting of the
events.
Crisis The events incidents
Incidentreaction The reaction response toward the events
Coda Closing
c. Language Features
The language features in anecdotes commonly include the following indicators. 1. Exclamation words: its awful, its wonderful, etc
2. Imperative: listen to this 3. Rhetoric questions: do you know what?
4. Action verb: go, write, etc
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5. Conjunction of time: then, afterward 6. Simple Past Tense
d. Example of an Anecdote
Blessing behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They
were making a plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had
booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner toAmerica.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life inAmerica. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by
a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, they were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure
time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.
The father was full of disappointment and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He
cursed both his son and God for the misfortune. Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty
Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passengers and crews with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was true.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and
thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. Adapted from: Look Ahead 2www.englishdirection.com
Blessing behind Tragedy Abstract
Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it.
What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation The Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to
America. They prepared well for their plan.
Crisis Few days before they went to America, his youngest son was
bitten by a dog. This made them being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident reaction
The family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel
to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda Clak thanked his son when he heard the ship sank. He thanked
to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
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e. Exercise Vocabulary
Create adjectives from the following words by adding the suffixes -ful and -less. The first one has been done to help you.
1 pain painful
painless 2 harm
…….. ……….
3 tact ……..
………. 4 thought
…….. ……….
5 grace ……..
………. 6 pity
…….. ………..
7 mercy ……..
………. 8 care
…….. ……….
9 help ……..
……… 10 doubt
……… ………
Grammar Provide an adverb of which meaning matches with the words in brackets. The
first one has been done to help you. 1. The residents were evacuated from the units safely without danger
2. They put the fire e… without difficulty 3. F…….,the fires were deliberately lit on many occasion
4. At first the hikers behaved p………… with good manner 5. The firebug started the fire d…………. on purpose
4.2.7. Hortatory Text
a. Social Function
Hortatory is a type of text containing an argumentation which may lead readers to do something. This type of text generally provides logical reasoning of why readers
should do something. To support their argumentation, writers may present facts, research findings, and theories. This text type is also called as an argumentative text
which can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, articles of newspaper, lectures, report of study, etc.
b. Generic Structure Text elements
CONTENT Thesis
The writer’s opinion about the topic
Argumentative Statements which show the writer’s opinion about the
topic supported by facts and evidence etc.
Recommendation A recommendation from the writer to do something.
c. Language Features
The language of Hortatory text focuses on the writer or the writer’s point of view with the following features:
1. Abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc 2. Action verbs
3. Thinking verbs
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4. Modal adverbs; certainly, surely, etc 5. Temporal connectives; firstly, secondly, etc
6. Evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc 7. Passive voice
8. Simple present tense
d. Example of a Hortatory Text Why Should Wearing a Helmet when Motorcycling
