Generic Structure TEXT ELEMENTS Language Features Example of an Explanation Text Text element Exercise  Writing

6 Skillfully weakly 7 Wrongly quietly 8 Heavily brightly 9 Strongly smoothly 10 Warmly clumsily 11 Early lightly 12 Before late  Grammar 1. List the adverbs of time used in the text above. 2. Rewrite the simple sentences in the text and combine them appropriately to form complex or compound sentences. 4.2.9. Explanation Text a. Social Function Explanation is a type of text which clarifies a process relating to natural phenomena, social science, and culture. The text explains why and how a certain phenomenon happened. The text is often found in science, geography, and history books.

b. Generic Structure TEXT ELEMENTS

CONTENT General statement Stating the issues. Sequenced explanation Stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena

c. Language Features

The language featues of Explanation text are as follows. 1. Chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc 2. Passive voice pattern 3. Simple Present Tense

d. Example of an Explanation Text Text element

CANCER General statement What is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases. Most of us are fear from cancer. It is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer is the second leading cause of death. Sequenced explanations Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations can occur spontaneously. The mutations may be also induced by other factors such as: nuclear and electromagnetic radiation, viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites, heat, chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals, evolution and ageing of DNA, etc. All such factors can produce mutations that may start cancer. Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 cancer cells at any given time in a healthy person. Why do some result in macroscopic-level cancers and some do not? First, not all 402 PENDALAMAN MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS damaged cells can multiply and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and form cancer are effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune system. Therefore cancer develops if the immune system is not working properly or the amount of cells produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate. Simplified from: www.digitalrecordings.compublcancer.html

e. Exercise  Writing

Write the main sequenced explanations you may use your own words dealing with the text about the cancer leading to the cause of death.  Reading How It Works Frogs are delightful creatures. Our country is home to more than 220 named species and they can be found in almost any Australian landscape. Most frogs lay eggs on land or in the water. Then, after the eggs hatch, tadpoles enter the water for two weeks to six months depending on the temperature, before emerging as froglets baby frogs.Not all frogs do this. The hippocket frog is a very interesting example of parental care. After the female hip-pocket frog has spawned, the male will lie her eggs and about eight tadpoles wriggle up into each pocket where they grow into baby frogs. Australia’s two species of gastric brooding frogs are even more amazing. They swallow their fertilized eggs and hatch the tadpoles in their stomachs. Six weeks later the frogs emerge from their mother’s mouth. source:http:englishteachersmeeting.blogspot.com201011example-of-text.html Answer the following questions based on the text above: 1. As the explanation begins, how do you know that the writer likes frogs? 2. What behaviour is common to most frogs? 3. What explanation is given for the fact that some tadpoles spend longer in the water than the other? 4. Why do some frogs have “hip pockets”? 4.2.10. Discussion Text

a. Social Function