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to provide a consistent customer experience and superior service and support across all the contact points a customer chooses. All of these
benefits would provide strategic business value to a company and a major customer value to its customers.
2.4 Internet
The Internet is a global computer network- a network that connects computer networks of businesses, organizations, government agencies, and
schools around the world, with fast, direct and save. Public cooperative facilities and that can run their own that can be access so many people throughout
Indonesia.
2.5 Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP
HTTP is the communications standard used to transfer pages at part of www in the internet. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted,
and what actions need to be taken by the explorer browser and the web server in response to various commands.
2.6 Hypertext Markup Language HTML
HTML is an approach to data management where data is stored in the network nodes to connect to the link called hyperlinks. HTML is the standard
language used by the World Wide Web to create and recognize hypertext
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documents. Users access data through an interactive system explorer Turban, 2006.
HTML gives users the option to control the visual elements such as font, font size, and spacing without having to change the initial information. Several of
the programs in the top software suites will automatically convert documents into HTML formats. These include Web browsers, word processing and spreadsheet
programs, database managers, and presentation graphics packages. These and other specialized web publishing programs like Microsoft FrontPage and Lotus
FastSite provide a range of features to help you design and create multimedia web pages without formal HTML.
2.7 Research Method
2.7.1 Data collection The data collection is systematic and standard procedures to obtain
the necessary data Nazir, 2011. The collection of data is a crucial step in the scientific method, because the data collection is a premiere
procurement process the data for research purposes. Data is the foundation of all things, events, activities, and
transactions are recorded, classified, and stored, but not organized to express a particular meaning. Information is data that has been arranged so
that it has meaning and value for the recipient.
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2.7.2 SDLC System Development Life Cycle SDLC is the approach through several stages to analyze and design
a system where the system has been developed very well through the use of activity cycles and user specific analyzer Kendall, 2007.
SDLC is a traditional system development methods are used by various companies to large IT projects. SDLC is a structured framework
that consists of sequential processes for developing information systems Turban, 2006.
SDLC models can contain more or less than eight stages that are presented here. However, the flow of work largely remains the same,
regardless of the number of stages. In the past, the developers used Waterfall approach for SDLC, where a variety of jobs at a stage before the
work is completed entirely to next stage. Now, the developers of the system will go back and forth between the various stages as needed.
System development project produces the desired results through teamwork. The development team includes alkaline user, system analysis,
programmers, and technical specialists. Users are employees of all levels and functional areas in the company that will interact with the system,
directly or indirectly. Analyst information system is an expert system that specializes in analyzing and designing information systems. The
programmer is an expert information system that modifies existing computer programs or writes new computer programs to meet the needs of
users. Technical specialists, is an expert in a particular type of technology,
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such as databases or telecommunications. All the people hit by the changes in the information system the users and managers, for example is referred
to as the parties with an interest in the system system stakeholders, and usually involved in various levels as well as time in development system.
Section in the remainder of this section will discuss each of these processes stages in the eight stages of the SDLC.
Figure 2.3 SDLC
1. Investigation Systems
The professional system developers agree that the more time spent on understanding the business has problems to be solved, understand the
1 Investigation Systems 2 Analysis systems
6 Implementation Systems 7 Operational
5 Testing 4 Programming
3 Design systems
8 Maintenance
Back to previous step or stop
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various technical options for the system, and understand the various problems that seem to occur during development, the greater the chances
of success would solve that problem. For this various reasons, systems research begins with a business problem or opportunity.
Problems and opportunities often require not only an understanding of the internal point of view, but also as viewpoint
organization partners suppliers or customers will see it. Another useful perspective is from the competitors. How competitors respond to a similar
situation, and what the results as well as additional opportunities to come? Creativity and creative thinking can provide great results while isolated
issues that can be considered as a cause of systemic failure are beyond organizational boundaries. Once this perspective can get, the people
involved can see better the true scope of the project and offer a variety of potential solutions. Then the initial assessment of the various solutions
proposed system can be started.
Feasibility study. Subsequent work in the research phase system is
the feasibility study. Because the processes of development can be costly, the systems investigation stage typically requires a preliminary study
called a feasibility study. A feasibility study is a preliminary study where the information needs of prospective users and the resource requirements,
costs, benefits, and feasibility of a proposed project are determined. Then a team of business professionals and IS specialists might formalize the
findings of this study in a written report that includes preliminary
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specifications and a developmental plan for a proposed business application. If the management of the company approves the
Recommendations of the feasibility study, the development process can continue.
Thus, the goal of feasibility studies is to Evaluate alternative system solutions and to propose the most feasible and desirable for
business application development. The feasibility of a proposed business system can be evaluated in terms of four major categories, as illustrated in
figure 2.4
Organizational feasibility Economic feasibility
How well the proposed system supports the
business priorities of the organizational
Cost savings Increased revenue
Decreased investment requirements
Increased profits
Technical feasibility Operational feasibility
Hardware, software, and network capability,
reliability, and availability
Employee, customer, supplier acceptance
Management support Government or other
requirements
Figure 2.4 Feasibility study
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The focus of organizational feasibility is on how well a proposed
system supports the strategic business priorities of the organization.
Economic feasibility is concerned with the weather expected cost savings,
Increased Revenue, Increased profits, reductions in required investment, and other types of benefits will exceed the cost of developing and
operating a proposed system.
Demonstrated technical feasibility can be reliable if the hardware
and software capable of meeting the needs of a proposed system can be acquired or developed by the business in the required time. Finally,
operational feasibility is the willingness and ability of the management, employees, customers, suppliers, and others to, operate, use, and support a
proposed system.
2. Analysis Systems
Once the project development approval required from all participants, systems analysis phase will begin. Systems analysis is the
process of studying a variety of business issues can be addressed through the planned enterprise information systems. This stage determines the
business problem, identify various causes, specifying solutions, and identify information needs that must be met by the solution. Understanding
of the business problem requires an understanding of the various processes involved.
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The system development process frequently takes the form, or includes, a prototyping approach. Prototyping is the rapid development
and testing of working models, or prototypes, of new applications in an interactive, iterative process that can be used by both IS specialists and
professionals business. Prototyping makes the development process faster and Easier, especially for projects where end user requirements are hard to
fine. Thus, prototyping is sometimes called Rapid Application Development RAD. Prototyping has also opened up the application
development process to end users because it simplifies and accelerates system design. Thus prototyping has enlarge the role of the business
stakeholders affected by a proposed system, and helps the make possible a Quicker and more responsive development process called agile system
development ASD. The company has three basic solutions for any business problems
related to information systems:
Organizational analysis is an important first step in system
analysis. The members of a development team would have to know something about the organization, its management structure, its
people, its business activities, the environmental systems must deal with it, and its current information systems. Someone on the team
must know this information in more detail for the specific business units or workgroups that will end users affected by the new or
improved information system being proposed.
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Analysis of the present system. Before designing a new system, it
is important to study the systems that will be improved or replaced. We need to analyze how the user system hardware, software,
networks, and people resources to convert the data resources, such as transaction data into information products, such as reports and
displays. Then, we should document how the information system activities of input, processing, output, storage, and control are
accomplished.
Functional requirements analysis, this step of systems analysis is
one of the most difficult. You may need to work as a team with the IS analysts and other end users to Determine Cell-specific business
information needs. Functional requirements are
end-user information requirements that are not tied to the hardware,
software, network, data, and people resources that end users presently use or might use in the new system.
The main purpose of the system analysis phase is togather information on existing systems, in order to determine which of the three
basic solutions to be used and to determine the need for a better system or new. The end result of this stage is a set of needs for information.
Describe the information needs what information, how much information, to whom, when, and in what form the information needed.
Analysts system uses many different techniques to get the information
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requirements for the new system. These techniques include structured and structured interviews with the users of the tour, as well as direct
observation. interviews provide a variety of questions that have been written in advance. In unstructured interviews, the analyst does not have
any questions that have been made previously, but using his experience to find out the problems of the existing system of users. Through direct
observation, the analyst can observe users interacting with the existing system.
Systems analysis phase produces the following information:
Strengths and weaknesses of the existing system
Owned-hungry functions to the new system can address business issues
Information needs of users over the new system
3. Design Systems
Systems design specifies how the systems will accomplish this objective. Systems design Consist of design activities that produce system
specifications satisfying the functional requirements that were developed in the systems analysis process. The result of the technical design phase of
the system is that specify the following matters:
Output and input system and user interface
Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, and procedures
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How the various components of the integrated
System design crosses two major aspects of the new system:
logical system design that states what is done by the system, by using
abstract specifications, and the physical design system which states how
the new system will perform its function, the actual physical specifications. Logical design specification covers the design output, input,
processing, databases, telecommunications, control, security, and SI work. Physical design specification covers the design of hardware, software,
databases, telecommunications, and procedures.
4. Programming
The developers of the system using the design specifications to obtain the required software for the system in order to meet the functional
objectives and overcome business problems. The main benefit of the system is a customized development would be more appropriate for the
company rather than your own applications for new business processes and existing company.
Programming involves translator design specification into computer code. This process can be lengthy and time-consuming, because
writing computer code remains an art than a science. Large system development project requires a team of programmers. This team often
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includes the users of the various functional areas to aid the programmer to focus on the business problem being addressed.
In an attempt to add precision to the process of programming, the programmers use structured programming techniques. These techniques
improve the flow of program logic to change computer code into a module, which is some part of the code sub-series of all programs. This
modular structure allows testing more efficient and effective, because each module can be tested independently. Structured programming techniques
include the following restrictions:
Every module has one, and only one, function.
Each module has only one entrance and exit. In other words, the logic of the computer program included in the model through one
place and out of a scene.
Go to Statement is not allowed.
Three types of structures used in structured programming: sequence, decision, and loop. In order structures, program statements
executed one by one until all the statements in the order has been executed. The structure allows decision logic to flow into the branch, depending on
the particular conditions. Round structure allows the software do the same program, or part of a program, until certain conditions are met.
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5. Testing
Thorough and continuous testing performed throughout the programming stage. Examination of testing to see if the computer code
will give results that are expected and desirable under certain conditions. Tests designed to detect errors bugs in the computer code.
These errors are of two types: syntax error and logic error. Syntax errors are easier to find and will not allow the program running. Logic error
allows a program running but the result is wrong. Logic error is more difficult to detect, because the cause is not obvious. Programmers should
follow the flow of logic in the program to determine sources of error in the results.
6. Implementation
Implementation is the process of controversy from the old system to the new system. Companies can use the four conversion strategies:
parallel, direct, initial experiments, and gradual. Parallel conversion, the old system and the new system operate
simultaneously for a certain period of time. In other words, both systems process the same data at the same time, and the results will be compared.
Conversion is the most expensive type but most are not at risk. Direct conversion, the old system will shut down when the new
system is turned on at a certain time. This type of conversion is the least expensive, but most at risk if the new system does not work as planned.
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Pilot conversion, will introduce a new system in one part of the company. The new system will be operational within a certain period and
assessed. Once the new system is working well, it will be used in many other parts of the company.
Phased conversion, introduces the components of the new system, for example module, in several stages. Each module will be assessed, and
if it works well, other modules will be introduced to a whole new system can operate.
7. Operation
After the conversion, the new system will operate in a certain period of time, until the system no longer meets the companys objectives.
Once the stable operation of the new system, the audit will be conducted during the operating systems ability to assess and determine whether the
system is used properly.
8. Maintenance
System requires maintenance. The first type is a maintenance program debugging, which is a process that continues throughout the
lifetime of the system. The second type is an update of the system to accommodate changes in business conditions. Various fixes and updates it
usually does not add new functionality, but required only that the system can still meet its objectives. The third type of maintenance is to add new
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functionality to the system-namely, the addition of new features to the existing system without disrupting operations.
2.8 System design tool
