H. Validity and Reliability
According to Anderson et al. 1994, there are five validity criteria that should be fullfilled to get the valid data in action research. They are described below.
1. Democratic validity
The result of the research was obtained through the collaboration and the inclusion of the multiple voices. The English teacher, the
students, and the collabolator were participated in planning and evaluating the research to know whether the strategy was useful or not
and whether the strategy could solve the problems or not. 2. Dialogic validity
Dialogic validity is the process of peer reviews of the value and goodness of the research. This validity was fulfilled by discussing the
research findings with the co llabolator, the teacher, and the researcher’s
consultant. The members of disscussion gave their opinions and their criticisms about the research report.
3. Process validity Process validity is where the data were examined from several
different perspectives. To gain this validity, the data were collected through observation and discussion.
4. Outcome validity Outcome validity is the success of the actions and the subsequent
development of new research questions. The researcher found what could be
researched from the research result to attain this validity. 5. Catalytic validity
Catalytic validity is that the participa nts’ understanding of the
educational context and how they can make changes to it. Some students were interviewed about their opinions after they were given the action to
accomplish this validity. Meanwhile to make the data trustworthiness or become reliable, the
triangulations proposed by Burns 1999: 164 were used as presented below. 1. Time triangulation
Using time triangulation means that the data were collected in period of time. It was done to see the factors which were influenced to the
improvement. In this study, the actions were implemented from March 2015 to May 2015.
2. Investigator triangulation Investigator triangulation means that there was more than one
investigator who becomes the observer. It was used to avoid the bias. This study had two observers. They were the researcher and the collaborator.
3. Theoretical triangulation Theoretical triangulation means that the data were analysed by
more than one perspective. In this study, some theories were taken. Those theories were used to make the data reliable.
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