Sequence Organization The Scope of Conversation Analysis

20 In the example, the speaker repairs the word bell in hisher utterance by replacing it with another word doorbell. Owing to the fact that a bell can ring, it seems alright if the speaker does not make any repair since the word bell still fits the context or meaning of the utterance. Yet, the speaker feels that she has said a less precise term, i.e. bell, while uttering his idea, and therefore decides to repair it with the more precise one, i.e. doorbell. This situation indicates that a repair initiation can emerge even when there is no recognizable error produced within an utterance. There are a variety of phenomena taking place in repair, including word recovery problems, self-editing, correction propererror replacement, and some others Levinson, 1983: 341. The example given previously is one kind of self- editing repair where the speaker of the trouble source initiates and repairs hisher own mistake. In fact, a repair can be both initiated and resolved either by the speaker of the trouble source or by the recipientlistener Sidnell, 2010: 110. In connection with this, repair can be categorized into some types based on who acts as the repair initiator and the repair executor. Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat, 2007: 173 propose four types of repair. They use the term self to refer to the speaker of the repairable item and other to any other participant. 1 Self-initiated self-repair This repair occurs when the ongoing speaker initiates a trouble in hisher talk and then fixes the problem himselfherself. e.g. N : She was giving me all the people that were gone this year I mean this quarter you know J : Yeah Schegloff, Jefferson Sacks in Levinson, 1983: 340 21 In this dialogue, N is wrong to mention the time of an event, thus she carries out self-editing by stating I mean this quarter to correct the wrong phrase this year. In this case, the speaker of the trouble source, N, finds the mistake himselfherself and then resolves it. 2 Self-initiated other-repair In this type, the problem is initiated by the ongoing speaker but is repaired by the listener. e.g. B : He had this uh Mister W- whatever k- I can’t think of his name, Watts on, the one that wrote that piece, A : Dan Watts Schegloff et al. in Liddicoat, 2007: 180 As shown in the example, B seems to have difficulty finding someone’s name. She repeatedly tries to recollect the person’s name, but fails eventually. When B gives up thinking of the name, A helps with the problem by stating a complete name of the person to whom B refers. At this point, a self-initiated other-repair occurs in which the problem indicated by the speaker is repaired by the listener. 3 Other-initiated self-repair This repair happens when the speaker of the trouble source, that is to say the ongoing speaker, resolves the problem indicated by the listener. e.g. A : Have you ever tried a clinic? B : What? A : Have you ever tried a clinic? Schegloff, Jefferson Sacks in Levinson, 1983: 341 In this example, the listener B has a problem with the question uttered by the speaker A. B seems not hearing the question so that she says What to indicate 22 the trouble. To clear up the problem, A finally repeats hisher question to B. This situation is an instance of other-initiated self-repair in which the listener initiates the problem and the speaker is the one who resolves it. 4 Other-initiated other-repair In this repair, the listener acts as the problem initiator as well as the repair executor. e.g. A : We went Saturday afternoon. B : You mean Sunday. C : Yeah. Uhmm we saw Max… Chaika, 1982: 87 Here, the listener B realizes that the speaker A has mistakenly said Saturday instead of Sunday, and therefore indicates the problem to the speaker A. Following this, the other listener, i.e. C, provides the repair by confirming that B’s statement is the right one. The type of the repair here is other-initiated other-repair because the listeners of the trouble source both initiates and does the repair.

3. Turn-Taking

The most undeniable fact of talk-in-interaction is that people who engage in it take turns during their talk. Turns are the basic elements of conversation which refer to the opportunities to speak at a particular time Sidnell, 2011: 36. According to Cook 1989: 51, turns in conversation could be different from one another in terms of their length since they are not decided in advance. To make up turns, speakers may deploy a range of different structures depending on the context Sacks et al. in Liddicoat, 2007: 54. Sacks et al. point out that a turn is constructed of at least one grammatical unit of language which can be a single word, phrase, clause, or sentence 1974: 702. 23 Turns at talk are shared among speakers in a specific order. Commonly, once a turn is accomplished by one speaker, a new following turn is launched by another different speaker as a response to that prior turn. This distribution of turns directly contributes to the organization of speaker shift because every turn exchange is accompanied by a speaker change. In conversation, this phenomenon is described as turn-taking. Turn-taking can be defined as the recurring process of transitions from one speaker to another Levinson, 1983: 296. According to Yule 1996: 135, turn-taking is a situation where the role of speakers is substituted for one another during conversation. Additionally, in Cook’s notion 1989: 52, turn - taking is regarded as a mechanism for keeping or handing over the floor between speakers. Sacks et al. 1974: 700 claim that the most fundamental point of turn- taking is one speaker at a time. In line with this, they propose a set of rules which comprises three main procedures for turn allocation to one party 1974: 704. In the first rule, the current speaker assigns a particular speaker to take the next turn, such as by addressing hisher name or by posing a question to himher, thereby no other speaker has the right to the turn. Following this, if the current speaker does not select anyone, the second rule appears, namely that any other speaker is allowed to select themselves. In this way, the one who starts speaking earlier gets the turn so the latters must drop out of the turn. The third or last rule explains that if none of the first and the second rule is applied, then the current speaker may, but need not, hold the turn again.