Previous Studies LITERATURE REVIEW

48 classification of interruption. They are simple, overlap, butting-in, and silent interruptions. The classification is relied on the identification of three main features including the current speaker’s utterance completion, turns exchange and simultaneous speech. Based on those features, the four types of interruption are described as follows. 1. Simple interruption: the current speaker’s utterance is incomplete, the exchange of turns occurs, simultaneous speech may happen. 2. Overlap interruption: the current speaker’s utterance is complete, the exchange of turns occurs, simultaneous speech happens. 3. Butting-in interruption: the current speaker’s utterance is complete, no exchange of turns occurs, simultaneous speech may happen. 4. Silent interruption: the current speaker’s utterance is incomplete, the exchange of turns occurs, no simultaneous speech happens, initiated during a silence. To determine the completion of an utterance, some noticeable elements that exist along with the utterance are taken into account, including syntactic, prosodic, and non-verbal features. Syntactic identification is used to distinguish between a complete and an incomplete sentence, whereas the investigation into the prosodic marker, i.e. intonation, and the non-verbal behaviour, i.e. gesture and lip movement, serve to decide whether the purpose of the current speaker is to hold or to relinquish an ongoing turn. Furthermore, in connection with the functions of interruption, the researcher distinguishes three main categories of functions: intrusive or disruptive, 49 cooperative and neutral. With reference to Zhao and Gantz and Li’s combining theories, the first category namely intrusive or disruptive function is split into five functional subcategories, namely disagreement, rejection, floor-taking, topic- change, and tangentialization. 1. Disagreement: the interrupter disagrees with or denies the current speaker’s opinion wh ich does not accord with himhers. 2. Rejection: the interrupter is unwilling to accept what the current speaker suggests or offers by declining the speaker’s idea . 3. Floor-taking: the interrupter grabs the floor to develop the ongoing topic by expressing hisher idea in advance of the current speaker’s completion of hisher explanation related to the topic under discussion. 4. Topic-change: the interrupter steers the topic to what she wants to talk about, sometimes because she is uninterested in the ongoing topic. 5. Tangentialization: the interrupter minimizes the discussion about a particular matter which has already been presented earlier or is familiar to himher by skipping or summarizing the information. In addition, cooperative function as the second category consists of four subcategories of function: three functions derived from Li’s theory, i.e. agreement, assistance and clarification, and one additional function proposed by Wilkinson and Kitzinger as well as Lerner called collaborative completion. 1. Agreement: the interrupter shows support, encouragement andor acknowledgement to the current speaker’s statement. 50 2. Assistance: the interrupter assists the current speaker to deal with the problem of verbalizing hisher thought by providing aan word, phrase, sentence, or idea. 3. Clarification: the interrupter clarifies information which is not clear by demanding or offering an explanation for it in order that she and the current speaker have a common understanding of what is being shared. 4. Collaborative completion: the interrupter anticipates and then cooperatively completes the current speaker’s idea on which she agrees or understands without adding hisher own opinion to it. The last category is neutral function in which the interrupter intends neither to disrupt nor support the current speaker’s statement. The interruption typically appears in the situation when the interrupter tells the current speaker about something urgent which requires fast action and when the interrupter wrongly begins hisher turn while the current speaker has not planned to terminate hisher turn. 51 Figure 2: Analytical Construct High School Musical Movie Series Conversation Analysis Interruption Repair Sequence Organization Preference Structure Adjacency Pairs Cooperative Intrusive Functions of Interruption Types of Interruption Neutral 1. Agreement 2. Clarification 3. Assistance 4. Collaborative Completion 1. Disagreement 2. Rejection 3. Floor-Taking 4. Topic-Change 5. Tangentialization 1. Simple Interruption 2. Overlap Interruption 3. Butting-in Interruption 4. Silent Interruption A Conversation Analysis of Interruption in High School Musical Movie Series