Penangkaran Cendrawasih Kuning Kecil (Paradisaea minor Shaw,1809) di Taman Burung, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah dan Mega Bird and Orchid Farm.
THE CAPTIVE BREEDING OF LESSER BIRD OF PARADISE (Paradisaea
minor Shaw, 1809) IN TAMAN MINI INDONESIA INDAH BIRD PARK AND
MEGA BIRD AND ORCHID FARM
KEN DARA CITA
DEPARTMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
DECLARATION OF BACHELOR (HONS) THESIS,
INFORMATION SOURCE AND COPYRIGHT
I hereby that this bachelor (Hons) thesis with the title is The Captive Breeding
of Lesser Bird of Paradise in TMII Bird Park and MBOF is true of my work with
the direction by supervisor and it has not been submitted everywhere. The
infomation have been mentioned in the text and listed in the List of Literatures at
the end of this bachelor (Hons) thesis.
I hereby that the copyright of my research to the Bogor Agricultural
University.
Bogor, August 2015
Ken Dara Cita
NIM E34110027
ABSTRACT
KEN DARA CITA. The Captive Breeding of Lesser Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea
minor Shaw, 1809) at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Bird Park and Mega Bird and
Orchid Farm. Supervised by JARWADI B HERNOWO and BURHANUDDIN
MASY’UD.
Ex situ conservation is a means to save wildlife animal include lesser bird of
paradise. Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Bird Park and Mega Bird And
Orchid Farm (MBOF) were two institutions that support ex-situ conservation
program with different purposes. TMII Bird Park has non-commercial purpose
breeding, while MBOF has commercial purpose in captivity breeding. The
objectives of this research was to describe the management of captive breeding of
lesser bird of paradise with the influencing factor for captive breedig success and
the daily behavior of lesser bird of paradise in the cage. This research was
conducted from March until April 2015. Focal animal sampling and one zero
sampling method were employed to observe daily behaviour. The results showed
that there were not differences in management between the two locations, and did
not success for breeding. The behaviors had been identified were: resting, ingestive,
locomotion, and maintenance behavior. The disturbances caused by visitors and
other animals.
Keywords: daily behaviors, lesser bird of paradise, management of captivity
ABSTRAK
KEN DARA CITA. Penangkaran Cendrawasih Kuning Kecil (Paradisaea minor
Shaw,1809) di Taman Burung, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah dan Mega Bird and
Orchid Farm. Dibimbing oleh JARWADI B HERNOWO dan BURHANUDDIN
MASY’UD.
Konservasi eksitu adalah suatu cara untuk melestarikan satwaliar termasuk salah
satunya cendrawasih kuning kecil. Taman Burung, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
(TMII) dan Mega Bird and Orchid Farm (MBOF) adalah dua institusi yang
melakukan penangkaran dengan tujuan berbeda yakni lembaga konservasi yang
bersifat non komersil dan yang bersifat komersil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
mendeskripsikan teknik pengelolaan penangkaran cendrawasih kuning kecil, serta
faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan penangkaran dan mengkaji perilaku harian
cendrawasih kuning kecil di dalam kandang. Penelitian dikumpulkan dengan cara
wawancara, pengukuran, dan observasi dilakukan pada Maret-April 2015. Hasil
penelitian diketahui bahwa teknik pengelolaan penangkaran dikedua lokasi tidak
berbeda, dan belum berhasil mengembangbiakan cendrawasih kuning kecil yang
ditangkarkan. Perilaku yang teridentifikasi dikedua lokasi antara lain perilaku
istirahat, ingestif, dan merawat tubuh dengan perilaku yang mendominasi adalah
perilaku istirahat.
Kata Kunci: Cendrawasih kuning kecil, pengelolaan penangkaran, perilaku harian
THE CAPTIVE BREEDING OF LESSER BIRD OF PARADISE (Paradisaea
minor Shaw, 1809) IN TAMAN MINI INDONESIA INDAH BIRD PARK AND
MEGA BIRD AND ORCHID FARM
KEN DARA CITA
Bachelor (Hons) Thesis
Submitted to fullfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Forestry
in Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism
Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University
DEPARTMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises and thanks to Almighty Allah SWT, Who is entire source of
knowledge and wisdom endowed to mankind also for His blessing that the author
is able to finish the bachelor (Hons) thesis entitled The Captive Breeding of Lesser
Bird of Paradise in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Bird Park and Mega Bird
and Orchid Farm (MBOF).
The author would like to express her appreciation to Dr Ir Jarwadi B
Hernowo, MScF and Dr Ir Burhanuddin Masy’ud, MS for their advices during her
research. The author would like to express her appreciation to her parents Prapto
Waluyo, M.Hum, and Ai Rohayati, S.Pd, her brother Zen Wisa Sartre, and her
aunts for their support. Her gratitude is to TMII Bird Park staff specially for drh. M
Piter Kombo, Mr Kalim, Mr Amar, Mr Kono, Mrs Yuni and to MBOF staff
specially for Drs Megananda Daryono MBA, Mr Supriyanto Akdiatmodjo, Mr
Gareng, Mr Hari, Mr Imam, Mr Huda for helping her to complete the research. She
also take this opportunity to say thanks to all of her friends especially for Galuh,
Priscil, Eterna, Rizka, Panji, KSHE 48 Family and Way Kambas PKLP Team.
Hope this bachelor (Hons) thesis will be usefull for everyone.
Bogor, August 2015
Ken Dara Cita
CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
The Objectives
1
Benefit of The Research
1
METHODS
2
Time and Place
2
Methods
2
Data Analysis
2
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result
Discussion
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
3
3
13
17
Conclusion
17
Suggestion
17
LIST OF LITERATURES
17
LIST OF TABLES
1
2
3
4
Specification cage in TMII Bird Park
Specification cage in MBOF
Average number of feed consumption lesser bird of paradise.
Nutrient of feed consumption
4
5
8
8
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Display cage and quarantine cage in TMII Bird Park
2 Display cage and quarantine cage in MBOF
3 Temperature and humidity in TMII Bird Park and MBOF
4 Lesser bird of paradise a) male b) female
5 Giving feed a) TMII Bird Park b) MBOF
6 Visitors in TMII Bird Park
7 Frequents of daily behaviours a) MBOF b) TMII Bird Park
8 Resting behaviour a) male b) female
9 Ingestive behaviour a) male b) female
10 Locomotion behaviour a) male b) female
11 Maintenance behaviour a) male b) female
4
6
6
7
7
9
10
11
11
12
13
INTRODUCTION
Background
Lesser bird of paradise (Paradisaea minor Shaw, 1809) is one of endemic bird
species in Papua. The distribution of this bird is Papua Island, Salawati Island,
Numfor Island, Num Island, Meos Island, Biak Island, Yapen Island, Misool Island,
and Waigeo Island. Based on Sukmantoro (2007), Lesser bird of paradise is least
concern in IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources), listed in Appendix II in CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) which this bird will be extinct if
exploitation and illegal hunting continues without rules. The Indonesian
government listed this bird into one of the endangered bird species, and protected
by UU No 5 1990 and PP No 7 1999.
Lesser Bird of Paradise population was decrease to year and year. The
decreasing of population are because of Illegal hunting, and habitat destruction
which increased the quality and quantity of habitat especially for feed, shelter, and
cover. According to Nature Conservation Agency Papua in March 2012 found 2-3
individuals of lesser bird of paradise for one kilometers. The threatened of lesser
bird of paradise in natural habitat needs ex situ conservation especially captive
breeding to increase the population of lesser bird of paradise in natural habitat.
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Bird Park and Mega Bird and Orchid Farm
(MBOF) are institutions in captive breeding of lesser bird of paradise with
differences aims. TMII Bird Park is conservation institution. It is not for
commercial but MBOF is captive breeding for commercial. Both two institutions
are not success in captive breeding, meanwhile the population of lesser bird of
paradise in natural habitat is decrease more and more. The captive breeding success
is influenced by knowledge about captive breeding technique, healthy management,
feed management, and daily activity to fulfiil animal welfare aspect.
The data and information about ex situ conservation of lesser bird of paradise
is limited. The data and information are important as a basic data, therefore this
research is important to support the preservation of lesser bird of paradise.
The Objectives
The objectives of this research are to describe the management of captive
breeding of lesser bird paradise in TMII Bird Park and MBOF with the influencing
factor for captive breeding success, and to describe the daily behavior of lesser bird
of paradise in the cage.
Benefit of The Research
The benefit of the research is to obtain the basic information for developing
the lesser bird of paradise conservation.
2
METHODS
Time and Place
This research was conducted from March until April 2015. The locations of
this research are in TMII Bird Park and MBOF.
Tools and Equipments
The tools and equipments used in this study included Tallysheet, Stationery,
Stopwatch, Dry Wet Termometer, Gauge, Webcam M-Tech, software webcam 7,
lesser bird of paradise, habitat, feed, and management of captivity.
Methods
The methods to collect the data are measuring the feed and size of cage,
observation, interview and literature study. To know the daily behavior of lesser
bird of paradise used Focal animal sampling and One Zero Sampling. Every
behaviour was writen about the frequent and duration during 10 hours, it was begun
at 06.00 am until 4.00 pm.
Data Analysis
Captive breeding
The supporting data obtained from the interview and captive breeding
techniques were analyzed descriptively include history of captive breeding,
population, cage, feed, healthy management, and reproduction technique. The feed
data analysis was also counted quantitatively.
Consumption amount
JK = B-b
Notes:
JK = Consumption amount
B = feed weight before feeding activity
b = residual feed weight
Feed consumption
Protein consumption (%) :
Σ one of feed consumption
x %PK
Completely feeds consumption
3
Calory (Kcal) :
Σ one of feed consumption
�����
Completely feeds consumption
����
Daily behaviour
The daily behaviour is described descriptively, there are resting, ingestive,
locomotion, and maintenance. The frequent of daily behaviours is based on Martin
and Bateson (1988) :
%
Keterangan:
A : One of behaviour frequent
B : Completely behaviours frequent
Breeding success
The data on the parameters of breeding success was also analyzed by
criterias (Purwaningsih 2012) they are :
1. Successful
: If female lays egg, hatching its egg, and the juvenil can live
about 3 months
2. Success enough : If female lays egg, hatching its egg, but the juvenil cannot
live until 3 months
3. Less success
: If female lays egg, but its egg does not hatch
4. Not success
: There is not female lays egg
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result
Captive breeding technique
Cage aspect
There are two kind of cages for lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park
display cage and quarantine cage. Kind of cages, size, construction, habitat
component, and facilities as shown in Table 1. The cage in captive breeding must
be like in natural habitat, and the bird can behave normally like in natural habitat
include breeding. Display cage in TMII Bird Park is used to maintain and breeding,
meanwhile quarantine cage is used when the bird is sick. In the cage is present a
male, 2 females, and a male from different species that is Paradisaea rubra. The
floor of cage is built from port-land with hole to water pipeline. Display cage and
quarantine cage is shown in Figure 1. The keeper cleans the cage every morning.
4
No
Table 1 Specification cage in TMII Bird Park
Kind of cages Size
Cage
Habitat
Facilities
(m)
construction Component
1. Display
Cage
5.5 x 4
x3
2. Quarantine 0.6x0.4
Cage
4x0.5
(a)
Zinc
(roof Rest
and
dan
wall), roost area
asbestos
(roof), iron
(wall)
dan
ram
wire
(wall).
2 perches which built
from port-land like tree
stalk of tree, height
1,86m, 1,55m. 4 and 5
branches with the length
0,7m,
0,60m.
The
branches diameter 6,37
cm, 5,73 cm. There is 1
Ficus benjamina with
the height 1,68m, iron
perch with length 4m
diameter 7,01 cm.
Eat area
Putting feed in the nails
which is embeded in
port-land perch about 4
nails, and putting in
plastic tray with the size
(45x30x5)cm.
Drink area
Pool with length 1m,
width 1m, and the deep
30cm with the water is
full.
Iron
(roof Rest
and Perch which built from
and wall).
roost area
small branch with the
length 0.44m, diameter
2.55cm.
Eat
and Plastick with the shape
drink area
half of circle.
(b)
Figure 1 a) Display cage in TMII Bird Park b) Quarantine cage in TMII Bird Park
5
The kind of cages in MBOF are display cage and quaratine cage. In MBOF
Display cage is only for maintan, that is not for breeding because there is not female
in the cage. Specification of cages in MBOF is shown in Table 2 .
No Kind of
cages
1. Display
cage
Table 2 Specification cage in MBOF
Size (m) Cage
Habitat
Facilities
Component
construction
3x1x3
Concrete, ram Rest and
wire and iron roost area
(wall),asbestos
(roof)
2. Quarantine 0.45x0.45 Plywood
Cage
0.68
(Floor) wood
(wall and
roof).
2 perches from
bamboo with the
length 1 m,
height 2,5 m and
2,75 meter, and
diameter 5,1 cm.
1 perch with the
oblique position
which is built
from
bamboo
with height 2 m
and
diameter
5,73cm.
Eat area
Plastic with the
shape half of
cirlcr
with
diameter 6 cm
and pail with
diameter 24cm.
Drink area Putting in the
plastic tray with
the
size
(45x30x5)cm.
Rest and 1 Perch which is
roost area bulit from small
branch with the
height 45 cm,
and
diameter
2.23cm and in
the floor cage.
Eat
and Plastic with the
drink area
shape half of
circle
with
diameter 6 cm.
The floor of display cage in MBOF is built from land, but there is no plant in
the cage. The figure of cages in MBOF is shown in Figure 2. Quarantine cage in
TMII Bird Park is used in wet season and when the lesser bird of paradise is sick
6
The manager in TMII Bird Park said that the lesser bird of paradise was very
sensitive and easy to get sick, meanwhile in MBOF quarantine cage is used when
the bird is sick. Cage in both institutions were cleaned every 7 am during 15minutes.
The temperature in the TMII Bird Park display cage is 22.37⁰C - 27.93⁰C and
humidity is 73,5%-95%, meanwhile the temperature in the MBOF display cage is
18.50 ⁰C -27.10⁰C and humidity 74% - 94% (Figure 3).
(a)
(b)
Temperature (◦C)
Figure 3 a) Display cage in MBOF b) Quarantine cage in MBOF
29
27
25
23 22,37
21
19
18,50
17
22,98
23,98
26,88 27,30
25,85
25,03
25,30
27,93
25,93
27,10 26,60
23,40
18,90
26,83
23,20
22,00
21,60
20,20
Time (a)
TMII
Humidity (%)
96
90
94
95
90
89
89,5
84
80
81
78
MBOF
82
81
81
75
73,5
74
72
74
75
74,5
74
80
74
75
Time (b)
TMII
MBOF
Figure 2 a) Temperature in TMII and MBOF b) Humidity in TMII and MBOF
7
The origin of lesser bird of paradise
Lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park is given from someone (anonim)
in 2014 as many as 2 female and a male but lesser bird of paradise in MBOF comes
from natual habitat with permission from ministry of forestry SK.22 /IV-SET/2011
for a male and a female. The birds’ condition of both locations are healthy. The
morpholgy showed that the bird in both location was adult. The figure of lesser bird
of paradise is shown in Figure 4.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4 Lesser bird of paradise a) male b) female
Feed and water management
The main feed in TMI Bird Park are voer, papaya, banana, and in TMII Bird
Park the main feed are “voer”, papaya, banana, and yellow meal worm but in MBOF
the main feed are “voer”, papaya, banana, and cricket. “Kroto” is addition food in
both locations. The management gives “kroto” for twice a week. Feed and drink in
adolescence are given every morning everyday, with a frequency of one time.
Feed source for lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park is from supplyer
which is cooperating with the manager, meanwhile in MBOF the feed source is
from the marker near the location. In TMII Bird Park the feed is given in the poolland which is like in natural habitat, but in MBOF the feed is given by plastick
(Figure 5).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5 Giving feed a) TMII Bird Park b) MBOF
Based on the kind of feeds in both locations, it can get the number of
consumption (Table 3). According to the table showed that lesser bird of paradise
likes yellow meal worm, cricket, and “kroto” the more and lesser bird of paradise
is like alive feed. Feed is one of main aspect to support success of captive breeding.
8
Table 3 Average number of feed consumption lesser bird of paradise
Amount
(gr)
Location
No Kind of feeds
Feed intake (gr)
TMII Bird
Park
1
Papaya
333
158
2
Banana
246
196
Yellow meal
worm
3
34
34
4
Voer
173
112
5
Kroto
12
12
MBOF
1
Papaya
199
89
2
Banana
270
190
3
Cricket
30
30
4
Voer
59
28
5
Kroto
9
9
Alive feed is good for energy into the bird, meanwhile the nutrient of feed as
shown in Table 4. According to the nutrient of feed consumption, TMII Bird Park
has higher value than MBOF, but basd on standard energy for avian the nutrient in
both locations are not appropiate.
Table 4 Nutrient of feed consumption
of
Protein (%)
TMII Bird
Park
MBOF
Energy (kcal/kg)
TMII Bird
Park
MBOF
No
Kind
feeds
1
Papaya
0.154
0.129
12.159
2
Banana
1.646
2.361
1481.216 2124.760
3
Yellow meal
worm
1.011
-
66.560
4
Pur
4.605
1.188
1039.725 384.638
5
Kroto
1.120
1.703
120.539
133.777
6
Cricket
-
1.243
-
10.145
Amount
8.537
6.625
2720.200 2663.455
10.135
-
Healthly management
According to interviewed that the lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park
was died because of Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS), but the cause of
this disease is not known.
The medicinal treatment into this disease is given neurobion 0.02 ml. The
disease in MBOF is diarhea and causes female died. The medicinal treatment from
9
MBOF is given “spektra” about 3 drops in the water of lesser bird of paradise. To
prevent the disease. They have done medical check up every day, give vitamin B6,
B12, honey, and antiseptic to the cage.
Reproduction
In 1996 TMII Bird Park had successed in captive breeding, in the first dome
with the size height 30 meters, diameters 50 meters (Taman Burung TMII 1997).
In MBOF there is not success in breeding. Nowdays TMII Bird Park and MBOF
are not success in captive breeding. The generally, sucess criteria of captive
breeding of bird if female has lays egg. According to the criteria in both locations
are not success in captive breeding, that are because of no female lays egg.
Influencing factor for the captive breeding success
There are two factors which are influence to the captive breeding success.
The first is internal factor that is age structure. In adult age lesser bird of paradise
is easier to breeding. Lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park is one year old but
in MBOF lesser bird of paradise is five years old. The second is external factor
there are feed consumption and nutrient of the feed, size of cage, and distrubance
into the bird. Disturbance will have a negative effect to lesser bird of paradise. The
disturbance in TMII Bird Park is higher than MBOF, they are : visitor and another
species (Passer montanus and Paradisaea rubra ). Number of visitors in TMII
Bird Park was ± 7045 people per month. Many visitors can be stressed for the bird.
The figure of visitors are shown in Figure 6. Other problems that happened was
competitors in the cage, Paradisaea rubra which was more active than lesser bird
of paradise and Passer montanus which ate the feed of lesser bird of paradise.
Figure 6 Visitors in TMII Bird Park
Daily behaviour
Daily behavior is one of main aspect to support the success of captive breeding. The
ability of daily behaviour can give the effect for management of lesser bird of
paradise. Main aspect to know the success of captive breeding is breeding behavior,
but this result did not find the breedig behavior in both locations. Frequents of daily
behaviour is shown in Figure 7.
10
Resting ;
30,00 %
Locomotion;
23,17 %
maintenance;
24,33 %
maintenance
22%
ingestive
; 22,50%
Female 1 TMII (b)
ingestive
25%
Female 2 TMII (b)
Locomotion
4%
locomotion
9%
Resting
37%
maintenance
30%
Ingestive
28%
Maintenance
26%
Resting
32%
Locomotion
21%
Resting
48%
ingestive
18%
Male MBOF (a)
Male TMII (b)
Figure 7 Frequents of daily behaviours a) MBOF b) TMII Bird Park
Based on the Figure 7, the daily behaviour which is identified in locations are
ingestive, resting, maintenance, and locomotion. The dominant behaviour for male
and female in TMII bird park and MBOF are resting with the higher frequents about
30% - 48%.
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Resting behaviour
Resting behavior in both locations is dominate behaviour with the percentages
about 38%-40% (Figure 8).
50
30
30
20
10
10
-10
0
Time (a)
Male MBOF
Temperature MBOF
Male TMII
Temperature TMII
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
11
30
20
10
0
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 8 Resting behaviour a) male b) female
Resting behaviour for male in TMII Bird Park and MBOF was done in the
perch, but for female was done in the branch. Resting behaviour was done with
the bow head.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Ingestive behaviour
The duration of ingestive behaviour is increase when the keeper gives the feed
and it will decrease in the afternoon (Figure 9). During the observation that is not
drinking activity.
Male TMII
Temperature MBOF
Temperature TMII
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 9 Ingestive behaviour a) male b) female
Temperture (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Time (a)
Male MBOF
12
20
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Locomotion behaviour
Locomotion behaviour will increase in the morning the sunshine (Figure 10).
Time (a)
Male TMII
Temperature TMII
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Male MBOF
Temperature MBOF
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 10 Locomotion behaviour a) male b) female
Based on the observation, the duration of locomotion behaviour of lesser bird
of paradise in captive breeding is different with the natural habitat. Locomotion
behaviour in TMII Bird Park is higher than in MBOF.
Duration (minute)
20
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
Time (a)
Male MBOF
Male TMII
Temperature MBOF
Temperature TMII
Temperature (◦C)
Maintenance behaviour
Preening is the dominate activity in maintenance behaviour. Maintenance
behavior is to keep the plumage of lesser bird of paradise to be cleaned, and looked
healthy. The higher duration for maintenance when the temperature is increase
(Figure 11), and the male is more dominant than female.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
13
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 11 Maintenance behaviour a) male b) female
Discussion
Captive breeding technique
Cage aspect
Cage aspect is the main aspect to support the captive breeding success. The
cage in captive breeding should be like in natural habitat, therefore the bird can
behave like in natural habitat. Based on Mas’ud 2002 cage construction, size of
cage, and environment in the cage are must be like in natural habitat. The condition
is as like as natural habitat can be done with planting the trees for cover, shelter,
available for feed and water, and free from disturbance (Setio and Takandjanji
2007) .
Components in the cage that support successing captive breeding are planting
the tree (Ficus benjamina), pond, perch, and small branch, leaves, but that is not
nest box in the cage. According to Latupapua (2006) in natural habitat Ficus
bejamina is used for breeding, and resting. In natural habitat the nest of lesser bird
of paradise which was constructed of twigs and lined with black wire-like fibres or
rootlets nd outside was patrially covered with dead leaves (Gilliard 1969). Display
cage in MBOF only used for maintenance. In the front of cages are opened in both
locations. It is done to keeper easier in checking the healthy of bird and entering
sunshine. Mas'ud (2002) explain that an ideal reproduction cage has good
ventilation, uses wire ram roof and asbestos on the other side as a shelter, and
applies soil floor so that the droppings are easily biodegradable. The cage should
be maximally exposed to morning sunlight and free from floods and the disturbance
of the predators.
The size of the cages in TMII Bird Park and MBOF were appropriate but both
were not optimal when they were adapted to the natural behaviour of lesser bird of
paradise in natural habitat. Lesser bird of paradise has homerange about 2 km
(Maturbongs et al 1994 in Buntu 2002).This type of bird is a kind of birds that doing
its activities on the top of trees both for resting, mating and nesting (Latupapua
2006).
Based on the cage, to support the success breeding for lesser bird of paradise
make the wider size of cage, the minimum size for breeding cage paradise is based
14
on first dome in TMII Bird Park so that the bird can behave normally including
breeding the minimum size for breeding cage is 30 meters for the high and 50
meters for the diameter.
The temperature in the TMII Bird Park display cage is 22.37⁰C - 27.93⁰C
and humidity is 73,5%-95%, meanwhile the temperature in the MBOF display cage
is 18.50 ⁰C -27.10⁰C and humidity 74% - 94%. In natural habitat the temperature
is 24,5-27⁰C for 0-500 mdpl and 20-21.5⁰C for 1000-1500 mdpl, so in TMII Bird
Park that is appropiate with natural habitat. Humidity in natural habitat is 70%-90%
with the result that in both location is appropiate with natural habitat Handoko
(1995). Humidity will influence in breeding.
Feed management
A good quality of feed give a good effect for healthy and welfare animals.
Based on Alhamid et al (1993) in Buntu (2002) in natural habitat the feeds of lesser
bird of paradise are beries, reptile, insect, and worm. Gilliard (1969) said that from
the stomatch analyses indicate that vine fruits, often large and nut-like or small with
hard yellow or black pits and a few insect are the usual fare. The feed of bird of
paradise is divided into 3 kinds there are fig (F), drupe (D) capsule (C) (Beehler
1983).
Kind of trees which are source to find the feed are Areca catechu and Eugenia
spp (Latupapua 2006). Alhamid et al (1993) in Buntu (2002) said that the habitat to
find the feed arecFicus sp, Celtys sp, Myristica sp, Endospernum medullosum dan
Disoxylon acuntangwlum.
The feed in TMII Bird Park and MBOF are not appropiate with natural habitat,
and the feed is given by the keeper and depends on the keeper, then rhe amount of
feed change everyday. Feed changeable without dose as needed birds can affect the
healthy of the bird like obesity if the feed is much more, and malnutrion if the feed
is very a few. Obesity, and malnutrition affects to metabolism of the birds.
According to Table 2 showed that lesser bird of paradise likes yellow meal
worm, cricket, and kroto the more. Based on Buntu 2002 in Biak, lesser bird of
paradise is like alive feed. Alive feed contains with protein and gives higher energy
for th bird body and metabolism. Energy is benefical to daily activites of lesser
bird of paradise (Kateran 2010). Protein is needed by animals to increase
productivity and improve egg hatchability of eggs (Kateran 2010). Sudarwo and
Siriwa (1999) describe that the number of energy in poultry of 2900-3200 kcal/kg
and protein requirement of 10-30 %, so it can be said that both institutions are not
appropiate from standard energy.
Health and care management
Sick birds characterized by less active. Diseases that occur in both locations
because of not optimal in terms of managing of the feed. Died of birds caused by
Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS). The factors that cause FLKS include
feed, environmental, metabolic disorders, and stress. The treartmen to Fatty Liver
and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) with the settings in the feed and the environment by
adding corn oil or olive oil in the feed so that mortality can be reduced by 9-17%.
(Whitehead et al 1975 in Hidayati 2014).
15
Reproduction
In natural habitat the period breeding season was on July and August in the
latter part of the dry season. The lesser bird of paradise is polygamus in breeding
system and has complex system in breeding (Irestedt et al 2009), the system si lek
system. Lek structure was similar to previous findings with most courts clustered
in close proximity and the courts of few individuals more dispersed (Beehler 1983).
In the lek area there are several males which are comptetion to interest the
female. The arena display in the top of single tree with males dancing close together
(Gilliard 1969). In addition to the regular attendant males, an additional number of
males, most in subadult plumage, visited the lek but did not own perches. These
birds spent most of the time out of the lek, calling from perches dispersed through
the surrounding forest. They would visit the lek when courtship activities reached
a peak. These birds observed the courtship activities but never actually displayed,
When a female entered the lek to mate, the perch holding males became visibly
agitated, called loudly, erected their yellow pectoral plumes, and often hopped
about from limb to limb, flapping their wings and shivering their plumes. After this
brief flurry of motion and calling, the males assumed their perches and quietly
displayed their erected pectoral plumes while the female moved about the lek, often
visiting the limbs of several different males in display (Beehler 1983).
Data on male-female interactions at the lek provide some insight into the
nature of sexual selection in this type of breeding system. Bradbury (1981) in
Behleer (1983) postulated that female choice of mates is a driving force in the
evolution of the lek system. In contrast Le- Croy (1981)in Behleer (1983) asserted
that male-male hierarchical interactions are of primary importance in lek mating, at
least for birds of paradise. Male often performs with dancing in the single top of
tree and call female. A typical call was we wee wa waa wa (Gilliard 1969) and
sexual calling was "yaack" and "nyaack" (Behleer 2001). Kind of trees that used to
breeding and nesting are Myristica fatua, Canarium vulgare, Eugenia rumphii,
Diospyros lolin (Latupapua 2006).
Influencing factor for the captive breeding success
Internal factor that include the success in captive breeding is the age of
sexual maturity is not only seen in the adult of body. Rand and Gilliard (1967) said
that adulty male has yellow flank pules and elongated tail wies. Viewed in sex ratio
in both locations are not appropiate with bioecology the bird. In natural habitat
lesser bird of paradise can be copulate with 7 females in one breeding season
(Behleer 1981).
External factors affecting the breeding success include cages, and the amount
of feed. Perrins and Birkhead (1983) in Tov et al (1994) said that one of the factors
that encourage the birds to breeding is feeding according to its energy needs so the
bird can behave normally. Minimum size of cages to captive lesser bird of paradise
is like in aviary in TMII Bird Park in 1996 and far from distubances. Based on
Latupapua (2006) in natural habitat lesser bird of paradise is avoid from distubances.
16
Daily behaviour
Based on calculations, resting in TMII Bird Park and MBOF has a higher
percentage than other behaviors. This is because of lesser bird of paradise has to
adapt to the environment in the cage and the movement activity is limited (Alcock
2001).
In natural habitat lesser bird of paradise will be doing a lot of movement,
for example serching for food, drink, and avoid predators. Lesser bird of paradise
make a group for playing in the perch or branch in the afternoon (Beehler et al
2001) and very actively. The kind of trees that is used to play by lesser bird of
paradise are Ficus benjamina, Hapololobus sp, Palaquium sp dan Pandanus sp.
(Maturbongs et al 1994 dalam Buntu 2002).
Resting behaviour
The results showed that resting behavior is done in the early morning and
late afternoon. Males in both locations have higher frequency for resting than
females, it is consistent with the statement by Rostika (1999) in Shabrina (2015)
that the activity of roast is more often done by males, this is because males are more
active than females, and to maintain and to balance the body, males require longer
rest periods.
In natural habitat lesser bird of paradise are often seen perched and rest at
the top of the tree with a height of 50-60 m, and can also be found in the low scrub
but it is hard to find because of its will look for a safe place far from disturbance.
Birds of paradise usually resting on a tree such as : Areca catechu, Diospyros lolin,
Pometia pinnata, Ficus benjamina, Canarium vulgare (Latupapua 2006)
Ingestive behaviour
Ingestive behavior begins with fly or jump to the source of the feed, and the
pecking feed is repeatedly. According to Gill (2007) in Kurniawan (2014), the bird
has a high metabolic rate, so it has a lot of feed as a source of energy to do its
activities. Males in MBOF have higher percentage than in the TMII Bird Park, it
caused by males in MBOF did not have competitors in getting the feed.
During the observation rarely seen drinking activities in both locations. It
caused by the feed are given in TMII Bird Park and MBOF are fresh fruits and
contains a lot of water.
Locomotion behaviour
Based on calculation of percentage frequency of locomotion behavior in
TMII Bird Park is higher than in MBOF, it caused by in TMII Bird Park is more
disturbances than MBOF.
Lesser bird of paradise in both locations are very sensitive to disturbances
around the cage. When there is a disturbance, the bird looks stressed , fly and
sometimes it crashing into the wire ram. Forshaw and Cooper (1989) said when the
birds get distrubances, the bird will fly high.
Maintenance behaviour
Maintenance includes preening. Maintenance behavior is to keep the plumage
of lesser bird of paradise to be clean, and look healthy. Plumage is used to cover
17
the body and gives warm temperature to the body of bird (Takandjanji and Mite
2008). The higher duration for maintenance when the temperature is increase, and
the male is more dominant than female. Preening is done when the bird perching in
the perches and scratch the body. Take a bath is to keep the plumage and cooling
the body when the temperature is higher (Prijono and Handini 1998).
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
The management of captive breeding in both locations are not different
significant. Captive breeding technique in the both of locations consist of cage, feed,
healthy care, and breeding which are not enough optimal because they are different
with lesser bird paradise bioecology in the natural habitat. The management which
is not suitable in TMII Bird Park because the cage has small size, is consisted by 2
different species.
The daily behaviour lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird park and MBOF are
influenced by temperature and the environment around the cage. The dominate
behaviour is resting with the percentage 30% until 48%. There is not breeding
behaviour, so in both locations are not success in captive breeding.
Suggestion
1. The manager and keeper should be had knowledge about bioecology of lesser
bird of paradise.
2. The manager in both locations have to give an appropiate feed.
3. To repair size of cage become more bigger size minimum size like the aviary in
TMII (50 meters for diameter, and 30 meters for the height), plant trees as like
as natural habitat.
4. To intensive daily monitoring every day.
LIST OF LITERATURES
Alcock J.2001. Animal Behavior: An Evaolutionary Approach. 7th ed. Sunderland
Beehler B. 1981. Plumage and Courtship Display, Popular Account Paradiseidae.
London (GB): Biosis and The Zoologycal Society of London.
Beehler B. 1983. Lek behaviour of the lesser brd of paradise. Auk. 100.
Beehler B, Thane K P, Zimmerman DA. 2001. Burung-Burung Di Kawasan
Papua. Papua, Papua Nugini Dan Pulau-Pulau Satelitnya. Birdlife
International Indonesia Programme. Jakarta(ID) : PT Ghalia Indonesia.
Buntu E. 2002. Tingkat kesukaan burung cenderawasih (Paradisaea sp) terhadap
beberapa jenis pakan di Taman Burung dan Taman Anggrek Biak [skripsi].
Manokwari(ID); Univeritas Negeri Papua.
Forshaw JM, Cooper WT. 1989. Parrots of the world. Ed ke-3. Australia (AU) :
Landshow.
18
Gilliard E.T. 1969. Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds. London(GB) : Weidenfeld
and Nicolson.
Handoko. 1995. Klimatologi Dasar: Landasan Pemahaman Fisika Atmosfer dan
Unsur-unsur Iklim. Bogor (ID): Pustaka Jaya.
Hidayati. 2014. Kajian kasus degenerasi lemak pada burung cendrawasih
(Paradisaea minor) [skripsi]. Bogor : Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Irestredt M, Jonsson KA, Fjeldsa J, Christidis L, Ericson PGP. 2009. An
unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in boed of paradise. BMC Evol
Bio. 9(235):1-11.
Kateran PP. 2010. Requirement of nutrient of oloutry livestock in Indonesia.
Wartazoa. 20(4): 172-180.
Kurniawan H. 2014. Teknik Penangkaran dan Perilaku Harian Jalak Putih di Mega
Bird and Orchid Farm Bogor, Jawa Barat [skripsi]: Fakultas Kehutanan,
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Latupapua L. 2006. Kelimpahan dan sebaran burung cendrawasih (Paradisaea
apoda) di Pulau Aru Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru Propinsi Maluku. Jurnal
Agroforestri. 1(3) : 40-49.
Martin P, Bateson P. 1988. Measuring Behaviour An Introduction Guide 2nd ed.
Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge Univ Pr.
Mas’ud B. 2002. Kiat Mengatasi Permasalahan Praktis Menangkarkan Cucak Rawa.
Jakarta (ID): AgroMedia Pustaka.
Prijono SN, Handini S. 1998. Memelihara, Menangkar, dan Melatih Nuri. Jakarta
(ID): Penebar Swadaya.
Purwaningsih DA. 2012. Faktor-faktor penentu keberhasilan penangkaran merak
hijau jawa (Pavo muticus) di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan dan Taman Burung
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Jakarta [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian
Bogor.
Rand AL, ET Gilliard. 1967. Handbook of New Guinea Birds. London(GB):The
Trinity Press.
Setio P, Takandjandji M. 2007. Konservasi ek-situ burung endemik langka melalui
penangkaran. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil-hasil Penelitian; Padang, 20 September
2006. Bogor: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan dan Konservasi
Alam. hlm 47–61.
Shabrina A. 2014. Teknik pemeliharaan dan perilaku harian nuri bayan (Electus
roratus) di ASTI dan MBOF Bogor [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian
Bogor.
Sudarwo Y, Siriwa A. 1999. Ransum Ayam dan Itik. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Sukmantoro W, Irham M, W. Novarino, E Hasudungan, N. Kemp, M. Muchtar.
2007. Daftar Burung Indonesia no.2. Bogor : Indonesian Ornithologists.
Takandjandji M, Mite M. 2008. Perilaku burung beo alor di penangkaran Oilsonbai,
Nusa Tenggara Timur. Buletin Plasma Nutfah.14(1):43-48.
Taman Burung TMII.1997. Taman Burung TMII, Perkembangannya dan Perannya
di Masa Mendatang. Jakarta(ID) : TMII.
Tov YY, Christe MI, Iglesias GJ. 1994. Lutch size in passerines of Southern South
America. The condor. 96 : 170-177.
19
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author was born in Bogor on August 24th 1994 as the first child from
Parpto Waluyo, M.Hum, and Ai Rohayati, S.Pd. The Formal education pursued
by authors including SDN Tegallega 1, SMPN 11 Bogor, SMAN 7 Bogor. In 2011
the author entering Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecoutourim,
Faculty of Forestry, through “Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri”
(SNMPTN) Undangan.
During the college time the author was active in student organizations
“Himpunan Mahasiswa Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata”
(Himakova) in Information and Communication Division, a member of Observer
Group of Ecotourism 'Tapak' and secretary of Conservation Photography.
Practice field has been done by the authors include “Eksplorasi Fauna Flora
dan Ekowisata Indonesia” (RAFFLESIA) in Bojonglarang Jayanti Cianjur Nature
Reserve (2013) dan Gunung Tilu Bandung Nature Reserve (2014), “Studi
Konservasi Lingkungan” (SURILI) in Manusela National Park. “Praktek
Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan” (PPEH) in Kamojang Nature Reserve and West
Sancang Nature Reserve (2013), Praktek Pengelolaan Hutan (PPH) in Gunung
Walat (2014), “Praktek Kerja Lapang Profesi” (PKLP) in Way Kambas National
Park (2015) and the author have done internship at the World Wild Fund for Nature
(WWF) Lombok in 2014. To obtain bachelor of science (Hons) in forestry, the
author is writing a bachelor (Hons) thesis with the title is The Captive Breeding of
Lesser Bird of Paradise in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Bird Park and Mega Bird
and Orchid Farm supervised by Dr Ir Jarwadi B Hernowo, MScF and Dr Ir
Burhanuddin Masy’ud, MS.
minor Shaw, 1809) IN TAMAN MINI INDONESIA INDAH BIRD PARK AND
MEGA BIRD AND ORCHID FARM
KEN DARA CITA
DEPARTMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
DECLARATION OF BACHELOR (HONS) THESIS,
INFORMATION SOURCE AND COPYRIGHT
I hereby that this bachelor (Hons) thesis with the title is The Captive Breeding
of Lesser Bird of Paradise in TMII Bird Park and MBOF is true of my work with
the direction by supervisor and it has not been submitted everywhere. The
infomation have been mentioned in the text and listed in the List of Literatures at
the end of this bachelor (Hons) thesis.
I hereby that the copyright of my research to the Bogor Agricultural
University.
Bogor, August 2015
Ken Dara Cita
NIM E34110027
ABSTRACT
KEN DARA CITA. The Captive Breeding of Lesser Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea
minor Shaw, 1809) at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Bird Park and Mega Bird and
Orchid Farm. Supervised by JARWADI B HERNOWO and BURHANUDDIN
MASY’UD.
Ex situ conservation is a means to save wildlife animal include lesser bird of
paradise. Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Bird Park and Mega Bird And
Orchid Farm (MBOF) were two institutions that support ex-situ conservation
program with different purposes. TMII Bird Park has non-commercial purpose
breeding, while MBOF has commercial purpose in captivity breeding. The
objectives of this research was to describe the management of captive breeding of
lesser bird of paradise with the influencing factor for captive breedig success and
the daily behavior of lesser bird of paradise in the cage. This research was
conducted from March until April 2015. Focal animal sampling and one zero
sampling method were employed to observe daily behaviour. The results showed
that there were not differences in management between the two locations, and did
not success for breeding. The behaviors had been identified were: resting, ingestive,
locomotion, and maintenance behavior. The disturbances caused by visitors and
other animals.
Keywords: daily behaviors, lesser bird of paradise, management of captivity
ABSTRAK
KEN DARA CITA. Penangkaran Cendrawasih Kuning Kecil (Paradisaea minor
Shaw,1809) di Taman Burung, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah dan Mega Bird and
Orchid Farm. Dibimbing oleh JARWADI B HERNOWO dan BURHANUDDIN
MASY’UD.
Konservasi eksitu adalah suatu cara untuk melestarikan satwaliar termasuk salah
satunya cendrawasih kuning kecil. Taman Burung, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
(TMII) dan Mega Bird and Orchid Farm (MBOF) adalah dua institusi yang
melakukan penangkaran dengan tujuan berbeda yakni lembaga konservasi yang
bersifat non komersil dan yang bersifat komersil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
mendeskripsikan teknik pengelolaan penangkaran cendrawasih kuning kecil, serta
faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan penangkaran dan mengkaji perilaku harian
cendrawasih kuning kecil di dalam kandang. Penelitian dikumpulkan dengan cara
wawancara, pengukuran, dan observasi dilakukan pada Maret-April 2015. Hasil
penelitian diketahui bahwa teknik pengelolaan penangkaran dikedua lokasi tidak
berbeda, dan belum berhasil mengembangbiakan cendrawasih kuning kecil yang
ditangkarkan. Perilaku yang teridentifikasi dikedua lokasi antara lain perilaku
istirahat, ingestif, dan merawat tubuh dengan perilaku yang mendominasi adalah
perilaku istirahat.
Kata Kunci: Cendrawasih kuning kecil, pengelolaan penangkaran, perilaku harian
THE CAPTIVE BREEDING OF LESSER BIRD OF PARADISE (Paradisaea
minor Shaw, 1809) IN TAMAN MINI INDONESIA INDAH BIRD PARK AND
MEGA BIRD AND ORCHID FARM
KEN DARA CITA
Bachelor (Hons) Thesis
Submitted to fullfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Forestry
in Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism
Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University
DEPARTMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises and thanks to Almighty Allah SWT, Who is entire source of
knowledge and wisdom endowed to mankind also for His blessing that the author
is able to finish the bachelor (Hons) thesis entitled The Captive Breeding of Lesser
Bird of Paradise in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Bird Park and Mega Bird
and Orchid Farm (MBOF).
The author would like to express her appreciation to Dr Ir Jarwadi B
Hernowo, MScF and Dr Ir Burhanuddin Masy’ud, MS for their advices during her
research. The author would like to express her appreciation to her parents Prapto
Waluyo, M.Hum, and Ai Rohayati, S.Pd, her brother Zen Wisa Sartre, and her
aunts for their support. Her gratitude is to TMII Bird Park staff specially for drh. M
Piter Kombo, Mr Kalim, Mr Amar, Mr Kono, Mrs Yuni and to MBOF staff
specially for Drs Megananda Daryono MBA, Mr Supriyanto Akdiatmodjo, Mr
Gareng, Mr Hari, Mr Imam, Mr Huda for helping her to complete the research. She
also take this opportunity to say thanks to all of her friends especially for Galuh,
Priscil, Eterna, Rizka, Panji, KSHE 48 Family and Way Kambas PKLP Team.
Hope this bachelor (Hons) thesis will be usefull for everyone.
Bogor, August 2015
Ken Dara Cita
CONTENT
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
The Objectives
1
Benefit of The Research
1
METHODS
2
Time and Place
2
Methods
2
Data Analysis
2
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result
Discussion
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
3
3
13
17
Conclusion
17
Suggestion
17
LIST OF LITERATURES
17
LIST OF TABLES
1
2
3
4
Specification cage in TMII Bird Park
Specification cage in MBOF
Average number of feed consumption lesser bird of paradise.
Nutrient of feed consumption
4
5
8
8
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Display cage and quarantine cage in TMII Bird Park
2 Display cage and quarantine cage in MBOF
3 Temperature and humidity in TMII Bird Park and MBOF
4 Lesser bird of paradise a) male b) female
5 Giving feed a) TMII Bird Park b) MBOF
6 Visitors in TMII Bird Park
7 Frequents of daily behaviours a) MBOF b) TMII Bird Park
8 Resting behaviour a) male b) female
9 Ingestive behaviour a) male b) female
10 Locomotion behaviour a) male b) female
11 Maintenance behaviour a) male b) female
4
6
6
7
7
9
10
11
11
12
13
INTRODUCTION
Background
Lesser bird of paradise (Paradisaea minor Shaw, 1809) is one of endemic bird
species in Papua. The distribution of this bird is Papua Island, Salawati Island,
Numfor Island, Num Island, Meos Island, Biak Island, Yapen Island, Misool Island,
and Waigeo Island. Based on Sukmantoro (2007), Lesser bird of paradise is least
concern in IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources), listed in Appendix II in CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) which this bird will be extinct if
exploitation and illegal hunting continues without rules. The Indonesian
government listed this bird into one of the endangered bird species, and protected
by UU No 5 1990 and PP No 7 1999.
Lesser Bird of Paradise population was decrease to year and year. The
decreasing of population are because of Illegal hunting, and habitat destruction
which increased the quality and quantity of habitat especially for feed, shelter, and
cover. According to Nature Conservation Agency Papua in March 2012 found 2-3
individuals of lesser bird of paradise for one kilometers. The threatened of lesser
bird of paradise in natural habitat needs ex situ conservation especially captive
breeding to increase the population of lesser bird of paradise in natural habitat.
Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Bird Park and Mega Bird and Orchid Farm
(MBOF) are institutions in captive breeding of lesser bird of paradise with
differences aims. TMII Bird Park is conservation institution. It is not for
commercial but MBOF is captive breeding for commercial. Both two institutions
are not success in captive breeding, meanwhile the population of lesser bird of
paradise in natural habitat is decrease more and more. The captive breeding success
is influenced by knowledge about captive breeding technique, healthy management,
feed management, and daily activity to fulfiil animal welfare aspect.
The data and information about ex situ conservation of lesser bird of paradise
is limited. The data and information are important as a basic data, therefore this
research is important to support the preservation of lesser bird of paradise.
The Objectives
The objectives of this research are to describe the management of captive
breeding of lesser bird paradise in TMII Bird Park and MBOF with the influencing
factor for captive breeding success, and to describe the daily behavior of lesser bird
of paradise in the cage.
Benefit of The Research
The benefit of the research is to obtain the basic information for developing
the lesser bird of paradise conservation.
2
METHODS
Time and Place
This research was conducted from March until April 2015. The locations of
this research are in TMII Bird Park and MBOF.
Tools and Equipments
The tools and equipments used in this study included Tallysheet, Stationery,
Stopwatch, Dry Wet Termometer, Gauge, Webcam M-Tech, software webcam 7,
lesser bird of paradise, habitat, feed, and management of captivity.
Methods
The methods to collect the data are measuring the feed and size of cage,
observation, interview and literature study. To know the daily behavior of lesser
bird of paradise used Focal animal sampling and One Zero Sampling. Every
behaviour was writen about the frequent and duration during 10 hours, it was begun
at 06.00 am until 4.00 pm.
Data Analysis
Captive breeding
The supporting data obtained from the interview and captive breeding
techniques were analyzed descriptively include history of captive breeding,
population, cage, feed, healthy management, and reproduction technique. The feed
data analysis was also counted quantitatively.
Consumption amount
JK = B-b
Notes:
JK = Consumption amount
B = feed weight before feeding activity
b = residual feed weight
Feed consumption
Protein consumption (%) :
Σ one of feed consumption
x %PK
Completely feeds consumption
3
Calory (Kcal) :
Σ one of feed consumption
�����
Completely feeds consumption
����
Daily behaviour
The daily behaviour is described descriptively, there are resting, ingestive,
locomotion, and maintenance. The frequent of daily behaviours is based on Martin
and Bateson (1988) :
%
Keterangan:
A : One of behaviour frequent
B : Completely behaviours frequent
Breeding success
The data on the parameters of breeding success was also analyzed by
criterias (Purwaningsih 2012) they are :
1. Successful
: If female lays egg, hatching its egg, and the juvenil can live
about 3 months
2. Success enough : If female lays egg, hatching its egg, but the juvenil cannot
live until 3 months
3. Less success
: If female lays egg, but its egg does not hatch
4. Not success
: There is not female lays egg
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result
Captive breeding technique
Cage aspect
There are two kind of cages for lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park
display cage and quarantine cage. Kind of cages, size, construction, habitat
component, and facilities as shown in Table 1. The cage in captive breeding must
be like in natural habitat, and the bird can behave normally like in natural habitat
include breeding. Display cage in TMII Bird Park is used to maintain and breeding,
meanwhile quarantine cage is used when the bird is sick. In the cage is present a
male, 2 females, and a male from different species that is Paradisaea rubra. The
floor of cage is built from port-land with hole to water pipeline. Display cage and
quarantine cage is shown in Figure 1. The keeper cleans the cage every morning.
4
No
Table 1 Specification cage in TMII Bird Park
Kind of cages Size
Cage
Habitat
Facilities
(m)
construction Component
1. Display
Cage
5.5 x 4
x3
2. Quarantine 0.6x0.4
Cage
4x0.5
(a)
Zinc
(roof Rest
and
dan
wall), roost area
asbestos
(roof), iron
(wall)
dan
ram
wire
(wall).
2 perches which built
from port-land like tree
stalk of tree, height
1,86m, 1,55m. 4 and 5
branches with the length
0,7m,
0,60m.
The
branches diameter 6,37
cm, 5,73 cm. There is 1
Ficus benjamina with
the height 1,68m, iron
perch with length 4m
diameter 7,01 cm.
Eat area
Putting feed in the nails
which is embeded in
port-land perch about 4
nails, and putting in
plastic tray with the size
(45x30x5)cm.
Drink area
Pool with length 1m,
width 1m, and the deep
30cm with the water is
full.
Iron
(roof Rest
and Perch which built from
and wall).
roost area
small branch with the
length 0.44m, diameter
2.55cm.
Eat
and Plastick with the shape
drink area
half of circle.
(b)
Figure 1 a) Display cage in TMII Bird Park b) Quarantine cage in TMII Bird Park
5
The kind of cages in MBOF are display cage and quaratine cage. In MBOF
Display cage is only for maintan, that is not for breeding because there is not female
in the cage. Specification of cages in MBOF is shown in Table 2 .
No Kind of
cages
1. Display
cage
Table 2 Specification cage in MBOF
Size (m) Cage
Habitat
Facilities
Component
construction
3x1x3
Concrete, ram Rest and
wire and iron roost area
(wall),asbestos
(roof)
2. Quarantine 0.45x0.45 Plywood
Cage
0.68
(Floor) wood
(wall and
roof).
2 perches from
bamboo with the
length 1 m,
height 2,5 m and
2,75 meter, and
diameter 5,1 cm.
1 perch with the
oblique position
which is built
from
bamboo
with height 2 m
and
diameter
5,73cm.
Eat area
Plastic with the
shape half of
cirlcr
with
diameter 6 cm
and pail with
diameter 24cm.
Drink area Putting in the
plastic tray with
the
size
(45x30x5)cm.
Rest and 1 Perch which is
roost area bulit from small
branch with the
height 45 cm,
and
diameter
2.23cm and in
the floor cage.
Eat
and Plastic with the
drink area
shape half of
circle
with
diameter 6 cm.
The floor of display cage in MBOF is built from land, but there is no plant in
the cage. The figure of cages in MBOF is shown in Figure 2. Quarantine cage in
TMII Bird Park is used in wet season and when the lesser bird of paradise is sick
6
The manager in TMII Bird Park said that the lesser bird of paradise was very
sensitive and easy to get sick, meanwhile in MBOF quarantine cage is used when
the bird is sick. Cage in both institutions were cleaned every 7 am during 15minutes.
The temperature in the TMII Bird Park display cage is 22.37⁰C - 27.93⁰C and
humidity is 73,5%-95%, meanwhile the temperature in the MBOF display cage is
18.50 ⁰C -27.10⁰C and humidity 74% - 94% (Figure 3).
(a)
(b)
Temperature (◦C)
Figure 3 a) Display cage in MBOF b) Quarantine cage in MBOF
29
27
25
23 22,37
21
19
18,50
17
22,98
23,98
26,88 27,30
25,85
25,03
25,30
27,93
25,93
27,10 26,60
23,40
18,90
26,83
23,20
22,00
21,60
20,20
Time (a)
TMII
Humidity (%)
96
90
94
95
90
89
89,5
84
80
81
78
MBOF
82
81
81
75
73,5
74
72
74
75
74,5
74
80
74
75
Time (b)
TMII
MBOF
Figure 2 a) Temperature in TMII and MBOF b) Humidity in TMII and MBOF
7
The origin of lesser bird of paradise
Lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park is given from someone (anonim)
in 2014 as many as 2 female and a male but lesser bird of paradise in MBOF comes
from natual habitat with permission from ministry of forestry SK.22 /IV-SET/2011
for a male and a female. The birds’ condition of both locations are healthy. The
morpholgy showed that the bird in both location was adult. The figure of lesser bird
of paradise is shown in Figure 4.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4 Lesser bird of paradise a) male b) female
Feed and water management
The main feed in TMI Bird Park are voer, papaya, banana, and in TMII Bird
Park the main feed are “voer”, papaya, banana, and yellow meal worm but in MBOF
the main feed are “voer”, papaya, banana, and cricket. “Kroto” is addition food in
both locations. The management gives “kroto” for twice a week. Feed and drink in
adolescence are given every morning everyday, with a frequency of one time.
Feed source for lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park is from supplyer
which is cooperating with the manager, meanwhile in MBOF the feed source is
from the marker near the location. In TMII Bird Park the feed is given in the poolland which is like in natural habitat, but in MBOF the feed is given by plastick
(Figure 5).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5 Giving feed a) TMII Bird Park b) MBOF
Based on the kind of feeds in both locations, it can get the number of
consumption (Table 3). According to the table showed that lesser bird of paradise
likes yellow meal worm, cricket, and “kroto” the more and lesser bird of paradise
is like alive feed. Feed is one of main aspect to support success of captive breeding.
8
Table 3 Average number of feed consumption lesser bird of paradise
Amount
(gr)
Location
No Kind of feeds
Feed intake (gr)
TMII Bird
Park
1
Papaya
333
158
2
Banana
246
196
Yellow meal
worm
3
34
34
4
Voer
173
112
5
Kroto
12
12
MBOF
1
Papaya
199
89
2
Banana
270
190
3
Cricket
30
30
4
Voer
59
28
5
Kroto
9
9
Alive feed is good for energy into the bird, meanwhile the nutrient of feed as
shown in Table 4. According to the nutrient of feed consumption, TMII Bird Park
has higher value than MBOF, but basd on standard energy for avian the nutrient in
both locations are not appropiate.
Table 4 Nutrient of feed consumption
of
Protein (%)
TMII Bird
Park
MBOF
Energy (kcal/kg)
TMII Bird
Park
MBOF
No
Kind
feeds
1
Papaya
0.154
0.129
12.159
2
Banana
1.646
2.361
1481.216 2124.760
3
Yellow meal
worm
1.011
-
66.560
4
Pur
4.605
1.188
1039.725 384.638
5
Kroto
1.120
1.703
120.539
133.777
6
Cricket
-
1.243
-
10.145
Amount
8.537
6.625
2720.200 2663.455
10.135
-
Healthly management
According to interviewed that the lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park
was died because of Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS), but the cause of
this disease is not known.
The medicinal treatment into this disease is given neurobion 0.02 ml. The
disease in MBOF is diarhea and causes female died. The medicinal treatment from
9
MBOF is given “spektra” about 3 drops in the water of lesser bird of paradise. To
prevent the disease. They have done medical check up every day, give vitamin B6,
B12, honey, and antiseptic to the cage.
Reproduction
In 1996 TMII Bird Park had successed in captive breeding, in the first dome
with the size height 30 meters, diameters 50 meters (Taman Burung TMII 1997).
In MBOF there is not success in breeding. Nowdays TMII Bird Park and MBOF
are not success in captive breeding. The generally, sucess criteria of captive
breeding of bird if female has lays egg. According to the criteria in both locations
are not success in captive breeding, that are because of no female lays egg.
Influencing factor for the captive breeding success
There are two factors which are influence to the captive breeding success.
The first is internal factor that is age structure. In adult age lesser bird of paradise
is easier to breeding. Lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird Park is one year old but
in MBOF lesser bird of paradise is five years old. The second is external factor
there are feed consumption and nutrient of the feed, size of cage, and distrubance
into the bird. Disturbance will have a negative effect to lesser bird of paradise. The
disturbance in TMII Bird Park is higher than MBOF, they are : visitor and another
species (Passer montanus and Paradisaea rubra ). Number of visitors in TMII
Bird Park was ± 7045 people per month. Many visitors can be stressed for the bird.
The figure of visitors are shown in Figure 6. Other problems that happened was
competitors in the cage, Paradisaea rubra which was more active than lesser bird
of paradise and Passer montanus which ate the feed of lesser bird of paradise.
Figure 6 Visitors in TMII Bird Park
Daily behaviour
Daily behavior is one of main aspect to support the success of captive breeding. The
ability of daily behaviour can give the effect for management of lesser bird of
paradise. Main aspect to know the success of captive breeding is breeding behavior,
but this result did not find the breedig behavior in both locations. Frequents of daily
behaviour is shown in Figure 7.
10
Resting ;
30,00 %
Locomotion;
23,17 %
maintenance;
24,33 %
maintenance
22%
ingestive
; 22,50%
Female 1 TMII (b)
ingestive
25%
Female 2 TMII (b)
Locomotion
4%
locomotion
9%
Resting
37%
maintenance
30%
Ingestive
28%
Maintenance
26%
Resting
32%
Locomotion
21%
Resting
48%
ingestive
18%
Male MBOF (a)
Male TMII (b)
Figure 7 Frequents of daily behaviours a) MBOF b) TMII Bird Park
Based on the Figure 7, the daily behaviour which is identified in locations are
ingestive, resting, maintenance, and locomotion. The dominant behaviour for male
and female in TMII bird park and MBOF are resting with the higher frequents about
30% - 48%.
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Resting behaviour
Resting behavior in both locations is dominate behaviour with the percentages
about 38%-40% (Figure 8).
50
30
30
20
10
10
-10
0
Time (a)
Male MBOF
Temperature MBOF
Male TMII
Temperature TMII
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
11
30
20
10
0
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 8 Resting behaviour a) male b) female
Resting behaviour for male in TMII Bird Park and MBOF was done in the
perch, but for female was done in the branch. Resting behaviour was done with
the bow head.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Ingestive behaviour
The duration of ingestive behaviour is increase when the keeper gives the feed
and it will decrease in the afternoon (Figure 9). During the observation that is not
drinking activity.
Male TMII
Temperature MBOF
Temperature TMII
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 9 Ingestive behaviour a) male b) female
Temperture (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Time (a)
Male MBOF
12
20
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Locomotion behaviour
Locomotion behaviour will increase in the morning the sunshine (Figure 10).
Time (a)
Male TMII
Temperature TMII
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
Male MBOF
Temperature MBOF
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 10 Locomotion behaviour a) male b) female
Based on the observation, the duration of locomotion behaviour of lesser bird
of paradise in captive breeding is different with the natural habitat. Locomotion
behaviour in TMII Bird Park is higher than in MBOF.
Duration (minute)
20
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
Time (a)
Male MBOF
Male TMII
Temperature MBOF
Temperature TMII
Temperature (◦C)
Maintenance behaviour
Preening is the dominate activity in maintenance behaviour. Maintenance
behavior is to keep the plumage of lesser bird of paradise to be cleaned, and looked
healthy. The higher duration for maintenance when the temperature is increase
(Figure 11), and the male is more dominant than female.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Temperature (◦C)
Duration (minute)
13
Time (b)
Female 1
Female 2
Temperature
Figure 11 Maintenance behaviour a) male b) female
Discussion
Captive breeding technique
Cage aspect
Cage aspect is the main aspect to support the captive breeding success. The
cage in captive breeding should be like in natural habitat, therefore the bird can
behave like in natural habitat. Based on Mas’ud 2002 cage construction, size of
cage, and environment in the cage are must be like in natural habitat. The condition
is as like as natural habitat can be done with planting the trees for cover, shelter,
available for feed and water, and free from disturbance (Setio and Takandjanji
2007) .
Components in the cage that support successing captive breeding are planting
the tree (Ficus benjamina), pond, perch, and small branch, leaves, but that is not
nest box in the cage. According to Latupapua (2006) in natural habitat Ficus
bejamina is used for breeding, and resting. In natural habitat the nest of lesser bird
of paradise which was constructed of twigs and lined with black wire-like fibres or
rootlets nd outside was patrially covered with dead leaves (Gilliard 1969). Display
cage in MBOF only used for maintenance. In the front of cages are opened in both
locations. It is done to keeper easier in checking the healthy of bird and entering
sunshine. Mas'ud (2002) explain that an ideal reproduction cage has good
ventilation, uses wire ram roof and asbestos on the other side as a shelter, and
applies soil floor so that the droppings are easily biodegradable. The cage should
be maximally exposed to morning sunlight and free from floods and the disturbance
of the predators.
The size of the cages in TMII Bird Park and MBOF were appropriate but both
were not optimal when they were adapted to the natural behaviour of lesser bird of
paradise in natural habitat. Lesser bird of paradise has homerange about 2 km
(Maturbongs et al 1994 in Buntu 2002).This type of bird is a kind of birds that doing
its activities on the top of trees both for resting, mating and nesting (Latupapua
2006).
Based on the cage, to support the success breeding for lesser bird of paradise
make the wider size of cage, the minimum size for breeding cage paradise is based
14
on first dome in TMII Bird Park so that the bird can behave normally including
breeding the minimum size for breeding cage is 30 meters for the high and 50
meters for the diameter.
The temperature in the TMII Bird Park display cage is 22.37⁰C - 27.93⁰C
and humidity is 73,5%-95%, meanwhile the temperature in the MBOF display cage
is 18.50 ⁰C -27.10⁰C and humidity 74% - 94%. In natural habitat the temperature
is 24,5-27⁰C for 0-500 mdpl and 20-21.5⁰C for 1000-1500 mdpl, so in TMII Bird
Park that is appropiate with natural habitat. Humidity in natural habitat is 70%-90%
with the result that in both location is appropiate with natural habitat Handoko
(1995). Humidity will influence in breeding.
Feed management
A good quality of feed give a good effect for healthy and welfare animals.
Based on Alhamid et al (1993) in Buntu (2002) in natural habitat the feeds of lesser
bird of paradise are beries, reptile, insect, and worm. Gilliard (1969) said that from
the stomatch analyses indicate that vine fruits, often large and nut-like or small with
hard yellow or black pits and a few insect are the usual fare. The feed of bird of
paradise is divided into 3 kinds there are fig (F), drupe (D) capsule (C) (Beehler
1983).
Kind of trees which are source to find the feed are Areca catechu and Eugenia
spp (Latupapua 2006). Alhamid et al (1993) in Buntu (2002) said that the habitat to
find the feed arecFicus sp, Celtys sp, Myristica sp, Endospernum medullosum dan
Disoxylon acuntangwlum.
The feed in TMII Bird Park and MBOF are not appropiate with natural habitat,
and the feed is given by the keeper and depends on the keeper, then rhe amount of
feed change everyday. Feed changeable without dose as needed birds can affect the
healthy of the bird like obesity if the feed is much more, and malnutrion if the feed
is very a few. Obesity, and malnutrition affects to metabolism of the birds.
According to Table 2 showed that lesser bird of paradise likes yellow meal
worm, cricket, and kroto the more. Based on Buntu 2002 in Biak, lesser bird of
paradise is like alive feed. Alive feed contains with protein and gives higher energy
for th bird body and metabolism. Energy is benefical to daily activites of lesser
bird of paradise (Kateran 2010). Protein is needed by animals to increase
productivity and improve egg hatchability of eggs (Kateran 2010). Sudarwo and
Siriwa (1999) describe that the number of energy in poultry of 2900-3200 kcal/kg
and protein requirement of 10-30 %, so it can be said that both institutions are not
appropiate from standard energy.
Health and care management
Sick birds characterized by less active. Diseases that occur in both locations
because of not optimal in terms of managing of the feed. Died of birds caused by
Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS). The factors that cause FLKS include
feed, environmental, metabolic disorders, and stress. The treartmen to Fatty Liver
and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) with the settings in the feed and the environment by
adding corn oil or olive oil in the feed so that mortality can be reduced by 9-17%.
(Whitehead et al 1975 in Hidayati 2014).
15
Reproduction
In natural habitat the period breeding season was on July and August in the
latter part of the dry season. The lesser bird of paradise is polygamus in breeding
system and has complex system in breeding (Irestedt et al 2009), the system si lek
system. Lek structure was similar to previous findings with most courts clustered
in close proximity and the courts of few individuals more dispersed (Beehler 1983).
In the lek area there are several males which are comptetion to interest the
female. The arena display in the top of single tree with males dancing close together
(Gilliard 1969). In addition to the regular attendant males, an additional number of
males, most in subadult plumage, visited the lek but did not own perches. These
birds spent most of the time out of the lek, calling from perches dispersed through
the surrounding forest. They would visit the lek when courtship activities reached
a peak. These birds observed the courtship activities but never actually displayed,
When a female entered the lek to mate, the perch holding males became visibly
agitated, called loudly, erected their yellow pectoral plumes, and often hopped
about from limb to limb, flapping their wings and shivering their plumes. After this
brief flurry of motion and calling, the males assumed their perches and quietly
displayed their erected pectoral plumes while the female moved about the lek, often
visiting the limbs of several different males in display (Beehler 1983).
Data on male-female interactions at the lek provide some insight into the
nature of sexual selection in this type of breeding system. Bradbury (1981) in
Behleer (1983) postulated that female choice of mates is a driving force in the
evolution of the lek system. In contrast Le- Croy (1981)in Behleer (1983) asserted
that male-male hierarchical interactions are of primary importance in lek mating, at
least for birds of paradise. Male often performs with dancing in the single top of
tree and call female. A typical call was we wee wa waa wa (Gilliard 1969) and
sexual calling was "yaack" and "nyaack" (Behleer 2001). Kind of trees that used to
breeding and nesting are Myristica fatua, Canarium vulgare, Eugenia rumphii,
Diospyros lolin (Latupapua 2006).
Influencing factor for the captive breeding success
Internal factor that include the success in captive breeding is the age of
sexual maturity is not only seen in the adult of body. Rand and Gilliard (1967) said
that adulty male has yellow flank pules and elongated tail wies. Viewed in sex ratio
in both locations are not appropiate with bioecology the bird. In natural habitat
lesser bird of paradise can be copulate with 7 females in one breeding season
(Behleer 1981).
External factors affecting the breeding success include cages, and the amount
of feed. Perrins and Birkhead (1983) in Tov et al (1994) said that one of the factors
that encourage the birds to breeding is feeding according to its energy needs so the
bird can behave normally. Minimum size of cages to captive lesser bird of paradise
is like in aviary in TMII Bird Park in 1996 and far from distubances. Based on
Latupapua (2006) in natural habitat lesser bird of paradise is avoid from distubances.
16
Daily behaviour
Based on calculations, resting in TMII Bird Park and MBOF has a higher
percentage than other behaviors. This is because of lesser bird of paradise has to
adapt to the environment in the cage and the movement activity is limited (Alcock
2001).
In natural habitat lesser bird of paradise will be doing a lot of movement,
for example serching for food, drink, and avoid predators. Lesser bird of paradise
make a group for playing in the perch or branch in the afternoon (Beehler et al
2001) and very actively. The kind of trees that is used to play by lesser bird of
paradise are Ficus benjamina, Hapololobus sp, Palaquium sp dan Pandanus sp.
(Maturbongs et al 1994 dalam Buntu 2002).
Resting behaviour
The results showed that resting behavior is done in the early morning and
late afternoon. Males in both locations have higher frequency for resting than
females, it is consistent with the statement by Rostika (1999) in Shabrina (2015)
that the activity of roast is more often done by males, this is because males are more
active than females, and to maintain and to balance the body, males require longer
rest periods.
In natural habitat lesser bird of paradise are often seen perched and rest at
the top of the tree with a height of 50-60 m, and can also be found in the low scrub
but it is hard to find because of its will look for a safe place far from disturbance.
Birds of paradise usually resting on a tree such as : Areca catechu, Diospyros lolin,
Pometia pinnata, Ficus benjamina, Canarium vulgare (Latupapua 2006)
Ingestive behaviour
Ingestive behavior begins with fly or jump to the source of the feed, and the
pecking feed is repeatedly. According to Gill (2007) in Kurniawan (2014), the bird
has a high metabolic rate, so it has a lot of feed as a source of energy to do its
activities. Males in MBOF have higher percentage than in the TMII Bird Park, it
caused by males in MBOF did not have competitors in getting the feed.
During the observation rarely seen drinking activities in both locations. It
caused by the feed are given in TMII Bird Park and MBOF are fresh fruits and
contains a lot of water.
Locomotion behaviour
Based on calculation of percentage frequency of locomotion behavior in
TMII Bird Park is higher than in MBOF, it caused by in TMII Bird Park is more
disturbances than MBOF.
Lesser bird of paradise in both locations are very sensitive to disturbances
around the cage. When there is a disturbance, the bird looks stressed , fly and
sometimes it crashing into the wire ram. Forshaw and Cooper (1989) said when the
birds get distrubances, the bird will fly high.
Maintenance behaviour
Maintenance includes preening. Maintenance behavior is to keep the plumage
of lesser bird of paradise to be clean, and look healthy. Plumage is used to cover
17
the body and gives warm temperature to the body of bird (Takandjanji and Mite
2008). The higher duration for maintenance when the temperature is increase, and
the male is more dominant than female. Preening is done when the bird perching in
the perches and scratch the body. Take a bath is to keep the plumage and cooling
the body when the temperature is higher (Prijono and Handini 1998).
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
The management of captive breeding in both locations are not different
significant. Captive breeding technique in the both of locations consist of cage, feed,
healthy care, and breeding which are not enough optimal because they are different
with lesser bird paradise bioecology in the natural habitat. The management which
is not suitable in TMII Bird Park because the cage has small size, is consisted by 2
different species.
The daily behaviour lesser bird of paradise in TMII Bird park and MBOF are
influenced by temperature and the environment around the cage. The dominate
behaviour is resting with the percentage 30% until 48%. There is not breeding
behaviour, so in both locations are not success in captive breeding.
Suggestion
1. The manager and keeper should be had knowledge about bioecology of lesser
bird of paradise.
2. The manager in both locations have to give an appropiate feed.
3. To repair size of cage become more bigger size minimum size like the aviary in
TMII (50 meters for diameter, and 30 meters for the height), plant trees as like
as natural habitat.
4. To intensive daily monitoring every day.
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Gilliard E.T. 1969. Birds of Paradise and Bower Birds. London(GB) : Weidenfeld
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19
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author was born in Bogor on August 24th 1994 as the first child from
Parpto Waluyo, M.Hum, and Ai Rohayati, S.Pd. The Formal education pursued
by authors including SDN Tegallega 1, SMPN 11 Bogor, SMAN 7 Bogor. In 2011
the author entering Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecoutourim,
Faculty of Forestry, through “Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri”
(SNMPTN) Undangan.
During the college time the author was active in student organizations
“Himpunan Mahasiswa Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata”
(Himakova) in Information and Communication Division, a member of Observer
Group of Ecotourism 'Tapak' and secretary of Conservation Photography.
Practice field has been done by the authors include “Eksplorasi Fauna Flora
dan Ekowisata Indonesia” (RAFFLESIA) in Bojonglarang Jayanti Cianjur Nature
Reserve (2013) dan Gunung Tilu Bandung Nature Reserve (2014), “Studi
Konservasi Lingkungan” (SURILI) in Manusela National Park. “Praktek
Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan” (PPEH) in Kamojang Nature Reserve and West
Sancang Nature Reserve (2013), Praktek Pengelolaan Hutan (PPH) in Gunung
Walat (2014), “Praktek Kerja Lapang Profesi” (PKLP) in Way Kambas National
Park (2015) and the author have done internship at the World Wild Fund for Nature
(WWF) Lombok in 2014. To obtain bachelor of science (Hons) in forestry, the
author is writing a bachelor (Hons) thesis with the title is The Captive Breeding of
Lesser Bird of Paradise in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Bird Park and Mega Bird
and Orchid Farm supervised by Dr Ir Jarwadi B Hernowo, MScF and Dr Ir
Burhanuddin Masy’ud, MS.