4
Isolating preventing the child from having normal social contacts with other children and adults.
5
Terrorizing threatening the child with extreme punishment or creating a climate of terror by playing on childhood fears.
6
Corrupting or exploiting encouraging the child to engage in destructive, illegal or antisocial behavior.
2.2.7 Children Psychology
Psychology as a science has some branches; one of them is children psychology. Children psychology concerned about mind and behavior of the children until
adolescence. According to britannica.com child psychology called child development is the study of the psychological processes of children. Specifically, how these
processes differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of adolescence, also how and why they differ from one child to the next. The topic is
sometimes grouped with infancy, adulthood, and aging under the category of developmental psychology.
In addition to children psychology Piaget 2006:23 emphasized children development into four stages. Those stages are:
1 Sensory-motor stage, birth to 2 years. Children are using their physical or motor skills and their senses to explore their
world and develop their cognitive understandings. 2 Pre-operational, stage 2 to 7 years.
In this stage children are less reliant upon senses and physical exploration.
3 Concrete operations, 7 to 12 years. In this stage, which aligns with middle childhood, children are beginning to be
able to demonstrate much more logical thinking, although they need concrete materials to help them reach the correct conclusions.
4 Formal operation, 12 years and over. This final stage encompasses the rest of our lives. Children over 12 years old are
capable thinking the abstract thing and solve problem in their mind. Another, Narramore 1980: 39 also divided children into two categorized as
follows: a Easy Children
They tend to have positive response of every new situation and they are predictable.
b Uneasy Children These children tend to have negative response of every new situation and they
are unpredictable. These children are able to act badly because of their uncontrolled emotion.
The characters of the children can be determined from the position of the birth. According to http:www.rappler.commove-phispeak35606-birth-order-
personality each children has different personality based on their position of the birth or their position in a family. These personalities are:
1 First-born
Firstborns are natural leaders. Taking the lead from their parents, they like taking charge and want everything to be just right. This may also mean they
struggle to admit when they are wrong. Typically reliable and conscientious, firstborns are often perfectionists who
dont like surprises. Although firstborns are usually aggressive and confident, many are also people pleasers with a strong need for approval from anyone in
charge. 2 Middle-children
Middle-born children are the most difficult to describe their personality, because while they are guaranteed to be opposite of their older sibling, that
difference can manifest in many ways. Middle kids will usually develop skills and interests different from those shared by the family, and prioritize friends and peer
groups since they often feel they do not have a special place within the family. Middle children often feel that they receive the least attention, which can
make them insecure and secretive; however, it also makes them more independent, inventive and resourceful. They can usually read people well, and
often act as mediators or peacemakers since their middle roles allows them to see all sides of a situation.
3 Last-born children The lastborn means the baby of the family usually benefits most from the fact
that by the time they come around, parents are more comfortable and experienced when it comes to the art of parenting. Lastborns shoulder less responsibility, so
they tend to be more carefree, easygoing, fun-loving, affectionate and sociable, and they like to make people laugh.
4 The only child The only child shares many of the same traits as firstborns and frequently
shoulder parents high expectations. Thus, they tend to be even more responsible and even bigger perfectionists. They also tend to struggle more with criticism.
Only children are often confident, well spoken and tend to do well at school. They are also likely to use their imagination more than other children, and usually get
along better with people older than themselves. Miller 2009:5 also explains child psychology is the centre of developmental
psychology since behaviour develops rapidly in the childhood state. Adolescent psychology and adulthood psychology deal with developmental changes,
characteristics and problems that occur especially in adolescence and adulthood periods.
2.2.8 Psychology in Literature
