they tend to be more carefree, easygoing, fun-loving, affectionate and sociable, and they like to make people laugh.
4 The only child The only child shares many of the same traits as firstborns and frequently
shoulder parents high expectations. Thus, they tend to be even more responsible and even bigger perfectionists. They also tend to struggle more with criticism.
Only children are often confident, well spoken and tend to do well at school. They are also likely to use their imagination more than other children, and usually get
along better with people older than themselves. Miller 2009:5 also explains child psychology is the centre of developmental
psychology since behaviour develops rapidly in the childhood state. Adolescent psychology and adulthood psychology deal with developmental changes,
characteristics and problems that occur especially in adolescence and adulthood periods.
2.2.8 Psychology in Literature
There is a close relationship between psychology and literature. Psychology deals with the study of observable patterns of hum
an‘s behavior. Literature exhibits how human beings behave in dealing with their problems and environment. According to
Mogghadam 2004 Three categories, varying from lowest to highest levels of abstraction, of
possible relationships between psychology and literature are critically examined. The first category represents the lowest level of abstraction and
involves ‗psychology in literature‘: literature as a source of psychological data; literature as a source of insights for psychology. The second involves
literature as an independent variable; literature as a dependent variable; literature as understood through psychology. The third, at the highest level of
abstraction, involves psychology as nomothetic and literature as idiographic; psychology as culture-free and literature as culture-bound; psychology as
concerned with actual worlds and literature with possible worlds; and, finally,
‗psychology is literature‖. Form that explanation above, literature and psychology has close
relationship. Literature is a source of psychology also as a media of culture can be understood through psychology. That is means that literature and psychology cannot
be separate. Also, Wiyatmi 2011:27 stated that literature tell about a created man human
imaginary which is made by people, while psychology is about human which is created by God, in real terms live in the real world. Although, the characters inside
literature is a imagination, but to describe these characterizations the author use the character and spirit of the people who live in the real world as a model in their
creation. Therefore, in analyzing the characterization, a researcher should learn laws of psychology which explains human behavior and character.
In addition, Dudek, in Woodcock 1974 stated that literature is a wonderful, complex, psychological entity. The writers powerful internal fields of force arrange
the particles of his work - images, words, the shaping of a new reality. He stated that striving toward that self-realization we all desire. In other word, literary work
contains psychological values because the idea inside them contains private biography of the writer and the idea of the writer.
Meanwhile, Warren and Wellek 1949:88 stated that Psychology can give impact to the creation of art, psychological truth has an artistic value if it coherence
and complexity. Then William Henry Hudson as cited by Hardjana 1991:59 stated that
psychology enters the area of literary criticism through four ways: 1 discussion about the process of literature creation, 2 psychological analysis of the author
either as a type or a person, 3 discussion about psychological theories applicable to the analysis of character‘s behavior in literary works, and 4 the influence of
literary works on the readers.
2.2.9 Role of Parents
