background. The sociocultural-historical approach explores a work of literature by emphasizing on historical background that shapes the setting of place in a story.
Fourth is the mythopoetic approach that uses myth beyond the work of art as the reference. Fifth is the psychological approach which is based on the psychological
theories. The psychological approach explores a work of art by using some psychological theories as the framework.
The psychological approach considers that each character’s behaviour could be interpreted to the psychology of human being, resulting in the deeper
explanation of each character’s actions and behaviours Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. 16. In this study, the psychological approach was employed to investigate how
the authors describe the relationship between Mrs. X and Grayer and to analyze the impacts of inharmonius relationship with his mother on Grayer’s attitudes.
The psychological approach is also chosen as tools to process in The Nanny Diaries
, particularly in the impacts of his inharmonious relationship with his
mother on Grayer’s attitudes.
2.1.2 Character
In order to understand how a character in literary work is described, we need to understand the theories of character. Through these theories we will get
the understanding about the character which is portrayed in a work of literature. Characters experience many things that could influence their thoughts,
ideas, judgments about life and society Abrams 20. They seem to have the same dynamic emotion which can be seen through their speech and action. Abram adds
that characters have some characteristics which are similar with human being. Sometime it comes to them to get angry, and to show some moral and social
values that ultimately become their motivation in saying and doing something. According to Henkle 88 – 97, characters can mainly be categorized as
major and minor characters. He states that major character is created to carry out ideas or messages in a story to readers through the character’s feelings, thoughts,
actions, and reactions. In the other side, minor or secondary characters are those who only appear in a certain setting to support the major characters. Henkle says
that it is necessary for us to pay a heed to the major characters in order to understand the novel profoundly. As an addition, he says that we build
expectations and desires upon them to establish our values and to present convincing dramatizations of the human issues of the book.
2.1.3 Characterization
