and attitudes toward others, leisure-time pursuits, are the results of children’s identification with the parents in early years 383.
The third factor is discipline. The measurement of the effects of discipline the independent variables on the child’s behavior and attitudes the dependent
variables would be full of uncertainty. Moreover, it is clear that the effects of discipline depend upon the emotional context in which it is directed Medinnus
and Johnson 383.
2.1.6 Power and Parent-Child Relationships
Noller in her book Communication in Family Relationships 135-136 states that in parent-child relationship, parents are supposed to be in control of
families and responsible for their children’s behavior. Parents vary in the extent to which they exercise power over their children. There are three basic styles of
parenting. They are: 2.1.6.1 The Authoritarian Parent
The authoritarian parents emphasize that children should obey them and punish children if they do something wrong. This kind of parents do not
encourage their children, believing that the children should accept the parents’ word for what is right.
2.1.6.2 The Authoritative parent The authoritative parents direct the activities of the child, while at the
same time they let their children to find their own talents and creativities. These parents encourage and share with the children about the family rules and the
reasons to obey them. They are careful in controlling their children and tend to persuade in getting the children’s cooperation.
2.1.6.3 The Permissive Parent The permissive parents do not give any strict control over their children
and allows the children to regulate their own activities as much as possible. Basically, such parents are warm but very low in control. They rely on the family
rules to control their children and to be responsible in the mildest ways.
2.1.6 Child Emotional Development and Physical Well-Being
According to Martin and Stendler, one’s health can be affected by one’s emotional state. Sickness may be caused not only by disease but also from one’s
psychological conditions. Further, physical well-being may influence emotional development 46-47. From these statements, it can be concluded that children’s
illness affect the emotional well-being of the child. Additionally, Mohr 47 states that illness restricts children’s activities, which may bring out depressions and
inferiority towards their peers. Further, Hurlock 184-185 proposes that emotions have significance over
children’s life. The importance of emotions is serving as a form of communication, interfering with mental activities, coloring the child’s outlook on
life, affecting social interaction, developing habits, and affecting the psychological climate.
Emotion serves as a form of communication because children’s comprehension and vocabularies are still limited. That is why they express what
they want to say through emotion. They can also determine how they feel from their bodily and facial changes. Concentration, learning, recalling and other
