Methane and Hydrogen prediction

10 6.2 and could reduced the fiber digestion, especially while cattle fed high concentrate diet. Chiba 2014 also affirmed the normal pH status of the rumen liquor normally marked about 6 to 7, but the rumen ecology could depressed below than 5.5 while cattle fed with mostly grains ration, then brought to acid intolerance status that promotes protozoa population. Horiguchi Takahashi 2004 also found with and without RMS administration through brush administration gave a normal pH status even below 6 at 3 hours after feeding fed with high concentrates diet to Holstein steer, then raised up to 7 after 18 hours. These results explained that the RMS brush administration in this present study was no decreased the ruminal pH of feedlot steer fed high concentrate diet. Table 5. Rumen fermentation profile of feedlot steer administered with RF and without rumen mechanical stimulator Control. Item Treatment SEM P-value Control RF Rumen Profile pH 6.045 + 0.49 6.045 + 0.44 a 0.048 1.000 ∆ EH mV -179.760 + 112.52 -132.844 + 74.66 a 10.199 0.296 Ammonia mM 14.472 + 5.85 12.420 + 3.55 a 0.514 0.365 Lactic acid mM 6.512 + 1.64 6.352 + 0.96 a 0.140 0.796 Total VFA mM 117.906 + 12.08 a 142.842 + 27.08 b 2.780 0.039 Partial VFA Acetate mM 73.247 + 8.96 a 86.100 + 15.05 b 1.592 0.046 Propionate mM 25.582 + 4.17 32.452 + 11.52 a 1.047 0.146 Butyrate mM 19.078 + 3.94 a 24.290 + 4.18 b 0.559 0.019 VFA Proportion Acetate 62.07 + 3.32 60.56 + 3.99 a 0.078 0.410 Propionate 21.65 + 2.32 22.22 + 5.27 a 0.693 0.770 Butyrate 16.29 + 3.62 17.21 + 2.55 a 0.003 0.556 Acetate : Propionate Ratio 2.90 + 0.37 2.912 + 0.92 a 0.004 0.969 Methane mM 33.56 + 3.61 a 39.54 + 6.54 b 0.005 0.032 Methane VFA 28.49 + 1.61 28.03 + 3.735 a 0.004 0.738 H 2 Production mM 248.39 + 24.12 a 301.81 + 51.69 b 5.537 0.014 H 2 Utilised mM 223.55 + 21.71 a 271.63 + 46.52 b 4.984 0.014 Notes: Different upper case letters within rows indicate differences among treatments P≤0.05. During fermentation, a reducing equivalent ions is produced, which is accompanied by the release and transfer of protons and electrons Wang et al., 2012. This process presenting the effectiveness of fermentation and microbial activity that measured by redox potential ∆EH; Julien et al., 2009. In this study, the redox potential of RF and Control treatment were measured -132,84 and -179.76 mV in the rumen liquor, respectively. This result showed a similar value between RF and Control treatment, and also were not found the outlier data that might influenced the results although had width deviation on both treatments. The redox potential of RF and Control treatments resulted below than usually found in the rumen liquor, normally about 300 mV Moss et al., 2000, or accurately about -323mV by in vitro and about -213 mV by in vivo study Julien et al., 2009. Wang et al. 2012 also found that normal potential redox status in the rumen liquor before electrocuted about -300 to -200 mV. Both 11 treatments might in a tolerance rate by ∆EH condition compared with those standard even showed below than the usual. This low rate was notified as the effect of open air analysis while putted in the ∆EH electrodes then rumen liquor was oxidized that might decreased the anaerob fermentation status. Ammonia was a ruminal fermentation product that absorbed in cattle rumen as proteolytic microbe acts where amino acid deaminated Chiba, 2014. The concentration of ammonia was found in a similar value, resulted about 12.42-14.472 mM in the rumen liquor. This results was approximate with the usually found that reported by Patra 2013 on meta-analysis study, quantified at 12.9 mM in the rumen liquor of dairy and steer cattle. But Horiguchi Takahashi 2003 found a lower result than the present study i.e. about 5.3-7.1 mM. Meanwhile in contrary, Matsuyama et al. 2002 assured that the cattle administered with RMS had a lower ammonia than the control 10 mmol dL -1 vs 14 mmol dL -1 although its nitrogen retention was improved. The ammonia concentration in the present study resulted in a similar with previous studies althought there were resulted various. This result may assure that the RMS administration did not influence proteolytic microbes activity in produced ammonia. There were found difference results according to total and partial VFA concentration acetate and butyrate between RF and Control treatment. The RF treatment resulted a higher VFA than the control, i.e 142.842 mM vs 117.906 mM, influnced by the partial VFA accumulation p0.05. In partially, the acetate and butyrate concetration in RF group were higher than the control treatment, i.e. 86.1 vs 73.247 mM and 24.29 vs 19.1 mM in the rumen liquor, respectively p0.05. Instead from the acetate and butyrate, The RF treatment unable to increase the propionate concentration, resulted 24.3-32.4 mM as similar as the control. But the acetate, propionate and butyrate of the RF and control treatment had a similar proportion in percentages. Therefore, the RF and control group achieved a similar quantities on Acetic:Propionic ratio, pointed out about 2.89-2.91. The increased of total VFA status in RF treatment was resulted by acetate and butyrate concentration P0.05, even the propionate concentration tended to be higher than the control. This present study achieved better result compared with Horiguchi and Takahashi 2004 study between with and without RMS administration to Holstein steer that gave a similar quantitiy of acetate, propionate and butyrate concentration, resulted about 40 mM; 24 mM; and 26 mM in the urmen liquor. Matsuyama et al. 2002;2004 found the propionic and butyric concentration of RMS treatment increased than the control i.e. 34.3 and 20 mmol dL -1 vs 27.1 and 16.6 mmol dL -1 , respectively. But by the acetate and total VFA in RF treatment had lowered than the control by 24 hours 50 vs 58 mmol dL -1 and 100 vs 125 mM while Holstein steers fed mainly rolled barley. In the contrary, Horiguchi Takahashi 2002 found that the RMS treatment had a lower total VFA propotion than the control 61.8 vs 87.9 mmol dL -1 after 4 hours feeding and 67.3 vs 78.3 mmol dL -1 after 24 hours feeding, but produced higher total VFA proportion than the Control 89.3 vs 45 mM while fed long rice straw and high concentrate diet to Holstein steers. These previous studies were generally unidentical according to present result by their total and partial VFA concentration, such acetate,