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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses and presents background of the study, limitation of the problem, formulation of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the
study, and method of the study.
A. Place and Time of the Research
The research was conducted at SMP Islam Plus Baitul Maal. It is located on, South Tangerang, Banten. The writer did the research from November 23
rd
up 30
th
, 2012. The writer took the English Test question paper of the eight grade at odd semester academic year 20122013 to be analyzed.
B. Data and Data Sources
The population of this research is all the eight grade students of SMP Islam Plus Baitul Maal Tangerang Selatan academic year 20122013. The total
number of the students is 39, which is divided into two classes class A consists of 21 students and class B consists of 18 students but one students was absent. The
writer took 100 of the total number of the second grade students as a sample. The 100 sample of this population is about 38 students.
C. Method of the Study
The method of this study is descriptive analysis method. First, the writer observed the passive voice material in students’ book in the classroom. Second,
she explained about Passive Voice in classroom twice then collected the students’
test three times. The last, the writer interpreted the data about what kinds of errors that mostly students made.
The writer analyzed each students’ error in student’s answer based on Ellis’ steps, they are Collecting of the sample of learner language, Identifying the
errors, Describing of errors, then Explaining the errors. The writer use the
category of error based on Heidi Dullay’s sample linguistic category taxonomy in passive voice area,
there are the problem with formation of passive Misformation of passive verb; Active order but passive form; Absent or wrong preposition
before; Passive order but active form and Inappropriate use of passive Making intransitive verbs passive and Misusing passive in complex sentence.
1
The writer does not fill the Misusing Passive in Complex Sentence because the students did
not study it yet. Based on the students’ answer sheet, the most categories type errors in
Passive Voice is Misformation in Passive Voice. The writer would like to divide Misformation in Passive voice into seven classification based on
Azar’s theory about Passive Sentence and Dullay’s theory, they are:
1. Subject
– Object Azar
2
2. Be Azar
3. Pronoun Dullay
4. Verb 3 Azar
5. By Phrase Azar
6. Addition Dullay
7. Ommision Dullay
D. Instrument of the Study
The instruments of the research were observation, interview and test. The first test consisted of a 30-item test, which was conducted on Friday, November
23
rd
2012, from 08.50 to 10.00 p.m. 8A class and 10.20 to 11.30 p.m. 8B class. The second test consisted of a 10-item test and the third test consisted of a 20-item
test, which was conducted on Friday, November 30
th
2012, from 08.50 to 10.00 p.m. 8A class and 10.20 to 11.30 p.m. 8B class.
1
Dulay, Language Two, New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, p.151
2
Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar 2nd Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1992, p.276-283
E. Technique of Data Collecting
In collecting data, the writer used 2 two types of techniques: 1.
Observation The observation includes technique of teaching Passive Voice in class,
teaching material and kind of media used in the classroom. 2.
Interview The writer interviewed the teacher and students. The teacher was 12
questions and the students were 8 questions. The question’s area for the teacher
was to know the purposes in learning Passive Voice, the teaching technique in teaching Passive Voice, the difficulties that appear in teaching Passive Voice, and
how to solve the difficulties. The question’s areas for the students were to know the difficulties in learning Passive Voice, their opinion in teaching technique in
class and the learning style that they like. 3.
Test The types of the test were completion items. It focused on passive voice.
The completion items which consist of a 20-item test to change the active into passive sentence.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
For analyzing the common error made by students, the writer took all the students’ answer sheets and used the formula according to Bluman
3
:
P =
X 100 P = Percentage
F = Frequency of false answer N = Number of sample
3
Allan G. Bluman, Elementary Statistics, Boston: Mc Graw Hill, 2004, p.36
G. Checking of Data Validity
The researcher verified data by using triangulation of the data based on theories of the research. Here, the researcher compared the research findings with
the theories that used in this research. The theories in this research focused on types of error and sources of error in error analysis theory. Based on Dullay’s
theory, they are Misformation of Passive Verb; Active Order But Passive Form; Absent or Wrong Preposition Before; Passive Order But Active Form and Making
Intransitive Verbs Passive. Based on the research findings of the research, the data is valid because
there is mutual meaning between data interpretation and theories. It can be proved that the respondents make errors in Misformation of Passive Verb; Active Order
But Passive Form; Absent or Wrong Preposition Before; Passive Order But Active Form and Making Intransitive Verbs Passive.
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