mistake caused by temporary lapses memory, confusion, slips of the tongue and so on.
”
8
Corder in Susan and Larry defines error and mistake that “mistakes are
akin to slip of the tongue. Error is likely to occur repeatdly and is not recognized by the learner.
”
9
Brown examines mistake and error that “a mistake refers to a performance
error that is either a random guess a “slip”, in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly. Mistake, when attention is called to them, can be self-corrected.
An error, a noticable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflects the competence of the learner.
”
10
Based on some definitions from the experts above, the writer would like to differentiate between mistake and error. Mistake is inacceptable performance by
the student because they are not conscious or focus, inspite of that, they can self corrected their own mistake. On the other hand, error is inccapetable performance
by the student which find regularly and they cannot be self corrected their own error.
3. Cause of Error
Richard divided two causes of error, they are intralingual and developmental error:
a. “Intralingual error are those that reflect the general characteristics of rule
learning such as faulty generalization, incomplete application of rules, and failure to learn conditions under rules apply.
”
11
Brown offers the opinion
8
Hubbard, Hywel Jones, Barbara Thontorn, Ron wheleer, A Training Course for TOEFL, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.134
9
Gass and Selinker, loc.cit.
10
Brown, loc.cit.
11
Richards, The Contex of Language Teaching, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p.47-51
about intralingual transfer that is “the result of as the learner progress in
the second language, their previous experience and their existing subsumers begin to include structures within the target language itself
”
12
. Meanwhile, Susan notes that “intralingual errors are those that are due to
t he language being learned, independent of the native language.”
13
Richard classifies intralingual error into overgeneralization, ignorance of rule
restriction, incomplete application of rules, and faulty generalization. The explaination are:
1. Overgeneralization “Overgeneralization covers instances where learners create a
deviant structure on the basis of their experience of other structures in the target language. It may be the result of learners reducing their
linguistic burden ”.
14
Ellis gives opinion that “overgenaralization forms
that they find easy to learn and process”,
15
Hubbard states that overgeneralization is
“the learner processess new language data in his mind and produces rules for its production, based on evidence,
”
16
as in
“He is walks quickly”
17
2. Ignorance of Rule Restiction “Ignorance of rule restriction is failure to observe the restriction of
existing structure. It may be the result of the learner in using a previously acquired rule in a new situation; other instances may result
from the rote learning of rules ”
18
. Ellis offers another name that called
12
Brown, op.cit., p.223
13
Grass and Selinker, op,cit., p.79-80
14
Richards, Error Analysis. London: Longman, 1974, p.174
15
Ellis, op.cit., p.19
16
Hubbard, et.al., op.cit., p.140-143
17
Richards, The Contex of Language Teaching, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p.47-51
18
Ibid.
