Suggestions for Future Researchers

95 2. Suggestions for the Students of the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University The students are suggested to be proactive to increase their understanding about the uses of prepositions at, in, and on. They could enrich their knowledge about these prepositions by doing some exercises in several grammar books which discuss about prepositions at, in, and on. Besides, it would be better for them to ask or to consult their lecturers if they find difficulty in using these prepositions. Students should be motivated to have courage to ask their lecturers about any learning material which is still troublesome for them. Thus, they would not guess or use their intuition in using prepositions at, in, and on. Although there is no explicit learning material about English prepositions being taught in this study program, the students should be aware of the fact that anything which are not taught by their lecturers are also important for their study. Therefore, they should encourage themselves to find other sources which discuss about English prepositions and to learn from those sources, as an example, using the internet.

3. Suggestions for Future Researchers

It is suggested for the future researchers, especially those who intend to conduct research about prepositions at, in, and on, to explore more and to modify this research. The future researchers could improve this study by developing the research instruments, for example document analysis. Since this study focuses on investigating the students’ mastery of prepositions at, in, and on, the future researchers could focus their research on investigating the students’ errors of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 96 using prepositions at, in, and on. Besides, this study investigates the students’ mastery of prepositions at, in, and on in a certain stage, which is the fifth semester students of the English Language Education Study Program. Therefore, it is suggested to the future researchers to conduct a further research as the follow up study of this research to investigate the students’ mastery in using prepositions at, in, and on. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 97 REFERENCES Anonym. 1994. Peraturan Akademik Universitas Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma Anonym. http:www.wikipedia.comFree On Line Dictionaryquestionnaire, accessed on 23 rd March 2009. Ary, Donald, Jacobs, L. C., and Razavieh, A. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Bachman, Lyle F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bachman, Lyle F. and Palmer, Adrian S. 1996. Language Testing in Practice: Designing and Developing Useful Language Tests. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Ltd. Best, J. W. 1977. Research in Education. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Brown, H. Douglas. 1987. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. Brown, H. Douglas. 2004. Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. Brown, J. D. 1988. Understanding Research in Second Language Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chaer, Abdul. 1988. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Bratara Karya Aksara. Close, R. A. 1962. English as a Foreign Language. London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 98 Close, R.A. 1966. A Reference Grammar for Student in English. London: Longman Group Ltd. Corder, S. Pit. 1973. Introducing Applied Linguistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books, Ltd. Corder, S. Pit. 1979. An Intermediate English Practice Book. Singapore: New Art Printing Co. Curme, George O. 1994. English Grammar. New York: Barnes and Noble, INC. Dulay, Heidi, Burt, M., and Krashen, S. 1982. Language Two. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ebel, Robert L. 1979. Essential of Education Measurement third Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. Fraenkel, Jack R., and Wallen, Norman E. 1993. How To Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 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Testing for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kauchack, D, Eggen, D. P. 1989. Learning and Teaching Based Method. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Klein, Wolfgang. 1986. Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krashen, Stephen. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Krashen, Stephen. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Krashen, Stephen and Terrell, Tracy. 1983. The Natural Approach Language Acqisition in the Classroom. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Lado, Robert. 1964. Language Teaching. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. Lewis, Maryn. 2002. Giving Feedback in Language Classes. RELC Portfolio Series. Singapore: The University of Auckland. Mackey, William Francis. 1961. Language Teaching Analysis. London: Longman Group. Ltd. Murphy, Raymond. 2001. English Grammar in Use. Jakarta: Erlangga. Norrish, J. 1983. Language Learners and Their Errors. 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Students’ Competnce of Prepositions of Place at, in, and on: A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Wiersma, William. 1995. Research Methods in Education: An Introduction. Massachusetts: A Simon and Schuster Company. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI APPENDICES PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 102 APPENDIX 1. Surat Permohonan Ijin Penelitian PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 103 APPENDIX 2. Blueprint of the Test PART 1. No. Aspect to investigate Number of items Test items 1. Preposition “at” Indicating place 5 1, 3, 7, 8, 30 1. There will be a public meeting … the Town Hall next week to discuss the plan to build a new road. 3. What time did you arrive… the station? 7. You’ll find my house … the end of this street. 8. It was a fine morning when we stopped … a beautiful village near to Oxford. 30. Why do you come here? You should be … school right now. Indicating time 5 5, 17, 22, 25, 26 5. We plan to go to that house … midnight 17. ... that night, he asked me whether I would marry him or not. 22. My father used to come and read a story to me …. bedtime. 25. That Sunday, …. breakfast time, Mary greeted me coldly. 26. My last train leaves Euston …. 11.30 a.m. 2. Preposition “in” Indicating place 5 4, 13, 15, 28, 29 4. I did not see you … your room last night. Where were you? 13. The train arrived … Jakarta this afternoon. 15. She had to stay … hospital for a few days. 28. The book that you are looking for is … the drawer of that table. 29. A face suddenly appeared … the mirror. Indicating time 5 6, 10, 14, 16, 20 6. There are many people go to that beach ... summer. 10. Do you still remember the unforgettable moment we had … the past time? 14. I was born … 1987. 16. The grass dies back …. autumn. 20. …. the first officer’s absence, Denny would do some of the first officer duties. 3. Preposition “on” Indicating place 5 9, 12, 18, 21, 27 9. In Indonesia, we drive … left side. 12. … the River Thames we could see a very beautiful view. 18. There is an old picture hanging up … the wall. 21. There are many Polar Bear … the North Pole. 27. San Fransisco is … the west coast of the United States. Indicating time 5 2, 11, 19, 23, 24 2. …. May 8, they were at the concert for Victory Day. 11. We had driven down to Garrod’s farm …. Sunday morning. 19. I keep the money that Ivan gave me …. his PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 104 arrival. 23. She disappeared after the annual meeting …. November 20. 24. Her father died … 22 June 1962. PART 2. No. Aspect to investigate Number of items Test items 1. Preposition “at” Students’ ability in translating Indonesian prepositions of place into English by using preposition “at” 1 5. Karin sedang berdiri di atap gedung itu. Students’ ability in translating Indonesian prepositions of time into English by using preposition “at” 1 4. Pada hari raya Natal, saya dan keluarga akan memasak bersama. 2. Preposition “in” Students’ ability in translating Indonesian prepositions of place into English by using preposition “in” 1 1. Kami akan melangsungkan pernikahan kami di Jakarta. Students’ ability in translating Indonesian prepositions of time into English by using preposition “in” 1 2. Pada musim gugur, kita bisa melihat daun-daun yang berguguran. 3. Preposition “on” Students’ ability in translating Indonesian prepositions of place into English by using preposition “on” 1 6. Apakah kamu melihat pengumuman di papan itu? Students’ ability in translating Indonesian prepositions of time into English by using preposition “on” 1 3. Pada hari Senin itu, saya tidak bisa menghadiri kelas SPD karena saya sakit. APPENDIX 2. Blueprint of the Test PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 105 APPENDIX 3. Blueprint of Questionnaire Type of Factor No. Aspects to Investigate Number of Item No. Statements INTERNAL FACTORS 1. Students’ perception of prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place. 2 1. English prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place are important to learn. 2. English prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place are complicated to learn. 2. Students’ motivation to learn prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 2 3. You are interested to learn more about the uses of prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 4. You try to find other sources that discuss English prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” to increase your understanding on those prepositions, for example: using internet. 3. Students’ actions when they find difficulty in using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 3 5. You consult dictionary grammar book when you find difficulty in using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 6. You ask your lecturers when you find difficulty in using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 7. You ask your friends when you find difficulty in using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 4. Students’ considerations underlying their choice of using prepositions “at”, 3 8. You depend on your intuition in choosing or determining the appropriate preposition among prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” to make a sentence. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 106 “in”, and “on.” 9. You depend on your grammar knowledge that you obtained from your teachers’ or lecturers’ explanations in choosing or determining the appropriate preposition among prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” to make a sentence. 10. You depend on your grammar knowledge that you obtained from grammar books in choosing or determining the appropriate preposition among prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” to make a sentence. EXTERNAL FACTORS 1. The negative influence of Indonesian language as the mother tongue. 3 11. When you use a certain English preposition, you usually find the appropriate meaning of the preposition in Indonesian language first. 12. Since the meanings of prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time are similar in Indonesian language, it is fine to choose those prepositions randomly in making a sentence. 13. Prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating place could only be translated into pada di at, di dalam in, and di atas on in Indonesian language. 2. The feedback on the students’ performance. 2 14. Your friends usually correct your error when using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place. 15. Your lecturers usually correct your error when using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place. APPENDIX 3. Blueprint of Questionnaire PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 107 3. The availability of the explicit learning about English prepositions. 2 16. As far as you take Structure classes, there was an explicit learning material, which specifically discussed about English prepositions. 17. Learning materials about English prepositions, especially prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on”, have been accommodated enough in a number of courses in English Language Education Study Program. APPENDIX 3. Blueprint of Questionnaire PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 108 APPENDIX 4. Blueprint of Interview Guide Type of factor No. Aspects to investigate Number of Items No. Questions Internal Factors 1. Students’ background knowledge of English prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 2 1. What do you know about prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on”? 2. Where did you get the information about prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on”, which you have just stated? 2. Students’ perceptions of preposition “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place. 1 3. How complicated are the uses of these prepositions to you? 3. Students’ motivation to learn prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating time and place. 1 4. Are you interested to learn more about these prepositions? Why why not? 4. Students’ actions when they find difficulty in using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 1 5. What is your consideration when you choose a certain preposition among “at”, “in”, and “on” to make a sentence? 5. Students’ consideration underlying their choice of using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on.” 1 6. What do you do when you are confused in choosing the appropriate preposition among “at”, “in”, and “on”? External Factors 1. The negative influence of Indonesian language as the mother tongue. 1 7. Based on your understanding, how can you elaborate the uses of English prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating place and time related to Indonesian prepositions di, pada, di dalam, di atas? 2. The feedback on the students’ performance. 1 8. Do you usually speak English with your friends lecturers outside the class? If no, why? If yes, how often do you obtain evaluation or correction on your PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 109 language errors in using prepositions “at”, “in”, and “on” indicating place and time from your friendslecturers? 3. The availability of the explicit learning about English prepositions. 2 9. Do you think the courses that you have taken in this study program have accommodated your understanding about English prepositions? Why Why not? 10. As far as you take structure classes, is there an explicit learning material which specifically discussed about English Prepositions? If yes, what is the implication of the learning material to your understanding about English prepositions? If no, what is your opinion about the absence of the explicit learning about English prepositions in English Language Education Study Program? APPENDIX 4. Blueprint of Interview Guide PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 110 APPENDIX 5. The Key for the Test PART 1. 1. At 2. On 3. At 4. In 5. At 6. In 7. At 8. At 9. On 10. In 11. On 12. On 13. In 14. In 15. In 16. In 17. At 18. On 19. On 20. In 21. On 22. At 23. On 24. On 25. At 26. At 27. On 28. In 29. In 30. At PART 2. 1. We will get married in Jakarta. 2. In autumn, we can see the falling leaves. 3. On that Monday, I could not attend SPD class because I was ill. 4. At Christmas, I and my family will cook together. 5. Karin is standing at the top of that building. 6. Do you see the announcement on that board? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 111 APPENDIX 6. The Sample of the Students’ Sheets PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 112 APPENDIX 6. The Sample of the Students’ Sheets PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 113 APPENDIX 6. The Sample of the Students’ Sheets PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 114 APPENDIX 6. The Sample of the Students’ Sheets PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 115 APPENDIX 7. The Students’ Test Scores PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 116 APPENDIX 7. The Students’ Test Scores PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI R e sp o n d e n t It e m 1 It e m 2 It e m 3 It e m 4 It e m 5 It e m 6 It e m 7 It e m 8 It e m 9 It e m 1 It e m 1 1 It e m 1 2 It e m 1 3 It e m 1 4 It e m 1 5 It e m 1 6 It e m 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A P P E N D IX 8 . Q u es ti o n n a ir e R es u lt 1 1 7 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 32 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 36 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 37 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 39 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 42 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 A P P E N D IX 8 . Q u es ti o n n a ir e R es u lt 47 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 51 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 54 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 total 58 43 44 28 47 29 54 53 51 49 37 18 33 26 38 29 23 95.1 70.5 72.1 45.9 77.1 47.5 88.5 86.9 83.6 80.3 60.7 29.5 54.1 42.6 62.3 47.5 37.7 1 1 9 A P P E N D IX 8 . Q u es ti o n n a ir e R es u lt 120 APPENDIX 9. Raw Data of Interview 1. What do you know about prepositions at, in, and on? Respondent A: “As far as I know, at is pada, in is di dalam, and on is di atas.” Respondent B: “At is used to refer to a place, the meaning is di in Indonesian language. In means di dalam in Indonesian language. Meanwhile, on refers to something in higher position or in Indonesian language means di atas.” Respondent C: “At has the same function as di in Indonesian language. In has the same function as di dalam in Indonesian language. On means pada in Indonesian language.” Respondent D: “I think at is used for pointing a place. In is similar with dalam in Indonesian language, whereas on is similar with di or pada in Indonesian language.”

2. Where did you get the information about prepositions at, in, and on that