distance. It is assumed as the study of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
In line with the definition proposed by Yule, Cruse 2006:3 states that pragmatics concerns with the meaning of an utterance which relies on context.
Therefore, context is a necessary concept in pragmatic analysis. It is because pragmatics focuses on the meaning of utterances or interaction which is involved
by some people to communicate with the utterances they said to others in a particular situation.
There are two types of context offered by Nunan 1993:8, i.e. linguistic context that is the words, sentences, or utterances accompanying a text, and non
linguistic context that is the real situation in which the text comes off. The components of non linguistic context are the type of communication event, the
topic, the purpose of the event, the setting, the participants and the relationship between them, and the background knowledge also the assumption underlying the
communicative event. In short, pragmatics is the study of language use which involves how the
speaker produces hisher utterances, delivers their intention, and how the hearer interprets them in a certain context.
2. The Scope of Pragmatics
Pragmatics as a branch of linguistic study covers several topics. They are deixis, politeness, speech acts, presupposition, and implicature. The first topic is
deixis. Yule 1996:9 states that deixis is an expression to indicate or point something by language. He adds that the linguistic form which is used to point
something or to refer something is called deictic expression. There are three types of deixis. The first type is personal deixis which is used by a speaker to refer to a
person using several pronouns such as I, you, heshe, and it. The second type is spatial deixis which is used to point to a location such as there and here. The third
type is temporal deixis which is an expression used to indicate the distance of time. The terms such as now, yesterday, and tomorrow are pointing to the specific
time. The second topic is presupposition. According to Yule 1996: 25, a
presupposition is something before making an utterance which is considered by the speaker to be the case. It means when a speaker delivers the utterances, heshe
believes that the hearer understand hisher utterances. There are six types of presupposition. They are existensial, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and
counterfactual. The third topic is implicature. Grice in Davis, 1998:5 defines implicature
as interpreting particular things by telling different things. It explains about a speaker‘s intended meaning behind an utterance. He divides implicature into two
types; conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Conventional implicature talks about specific words which have correlation to the additional
meaning. Conversational implicature is the implication of the utterances based on the context.
Politeness is the fourth topic in pragmatics. It is derived from the term polite which is included as the behavior of a person. Related to this, Mey 2009:
709 states that politeness is described as a person‘s behavior which is expected
by the others. In addition, Yule 1996: 60 states that to reveal the consciousness of other person‘s public self image or face is known as politeness. There are two
types of face namely face threatening act and face saving act. Face threatening act means the utterances of a speaker that express a threat expression to attack another
person faces whereas face saving act means the utterances of a speaker which prevent a potential threat to another person
‘s face. Speech act is a part of the fifth topic of pragmatics deals with the meaning
of an act performed by the speaker‘s utterance in a certain context. Nunan
1993:65 says the speaker is not only delivering the statement pointed to an object but also conveying the functions of the statement such as requesting,
denying, introducing, apologizing, and further. In order to produce an utterance, the circumstances are needed, thus, the hearer can recognize the intended meaning
of the utterance. The circumstances are called speech events. According to Yule 1996: 47, speech event is used for determining the interpretation of an utterance
as related to speech act. An example is in winter situation, when someone serves a glass of tea, thus, the speaker believes that a glass of tea is hot. On the contrary,
the speaker says This tea is really cold The speaker‘s utterance is interpreted as a
complaint. If the situation is changing into a really hot summer and the speaker is given a glass of iced tea. The utterance of This tea is really cold is interpreted as
a praise.
3. Speech Acts
