Limitation of the Problem Formulation of the Problem

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter is to review the related theories and studies upon which the analytical construct has been built. The discussion of this chapter is divided into three parts, i.e. Theoretical Review, Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct. A. Theoretical Review 1. English as a foreign Language a. Definition of Foreign Language In the real world language plays an important role in students’ intellectual, social and, emotional development. Language as a means communication takes a part in almost every human life. It also becomes important key students’ success in learning other sciences. It is used to help the students to recognize themselves, their culture, and express their experience, ideas, and feelings. Recently, the knowledge of foreign language is regarded to be essential needs. English as a foreign language is that English is not used as an official language or colloquial language in c ountries. “ A foreign language doesn’t have immediate social and communicative functions” Oxford, 1990: 6. However, it may still have a significant role to play. It may be an important subject and it may be necessary to pass an exam in English to enter university. English is also needed for them who work in tourism, business, and for some sections of the civil services. Hutchinson and Waters 1987 define English as a foreign language as the study of English not as a mother tongue. This definition shows that learners of the language are foreigners who study it for various purposes. A foreign language usually requires more formal instruction and other measurement of the luck of environmental support by contrast. English in Indonesia can be categorized as a foreign language. Brown 2001: 116 states that foreign language contexts are those in which student do not have ready – made contexts for communication beyond their classroom. Foreign language learners may find it difficult to access the target language beyond their classroom door. English as a foreign language gives a greater challenge for students and teachers than English as second language. As Brown 1992: 3 notes: “In ESL situations English has official status, is used widely in government, is the medium of education, and is in widespread use in everyday life of the people. In contrast, in EFL English is official situations has low recognition and is used mainly for communication with foreigners ….” Richards et al. 1985: 108 state that a foreign language is a language which is not a native language in a country. A foreign language is usually studied either for communication with foreigners who speak the language or