f. Integrated Loanwords The change in this type happens within a morpheme level McCormick,
1994:581. Morpheme is a minimal functional element of a word. Here, someone may integrate a word from one language with affixes from another language to
form a morpheme for example:‘Luna Maya adalah seorang aktris cantik yang ber- skill tinggi.’
From the sentence above, the speaker combines the Indonesian prefix ber- with an English word skill.
5. Reasons for Code-Switching
Crystal 1987 identifies three reasons why people employ code-switching in their communication activities. First, there is a possibility that a speaker may
not be able to express her or himself in one language so she or he switches to another language to compensate for the deficiency. Someone’s language
competence, even in her or his native language, may be limited. For a multilingual person who is able to speak more than one language, switching the language that
she or he uses may be the best answer for the deficiency problems. Second, code-switching is used because someone wants to express
solidarity with a particular social group of speakers. She or he may use a language which is used to show her or his sympathy or express what they feel toward
others. Almost every ethnic group has vernacular language or dialect, and switching the language toward the language of a particular ethnic group can be
one way to express solidarity toward the group.
Third, someone applies code switching as a sort of variation in the level of formality of her or his speech. A speaker has to be able to decide the
opportunity when to use each of them appropriately. Someone may accidentally change the degree of the formality of the language by code switching. It is needed
to give special effect of the relationship such as to build intimate relationship. Wardhaugh 1992: 106 provides three reasons for code switching. The
first reason is to express solidarity with the listeners. Language can be used as a bridge of solidarity. People may choose a language from a certain country or
ethnic group to show their solidarity toward the people from that country or ethnic group besides to build the more intimate atmosphere or relationship.
The second reason is because of the choice of topic. In a conversation, people often switch the topic under discussion. A particular language might be
appropriate to discuss a certain topic. The change of the topic might also be accompanied by language switching so the variety of the language can be
appropriate with the new topic. The last reason for code switching given by Wardhaugh is that someone
switches code because she or he perceives social and cultural distance. It is related to the level of formality of the language. Someone may choose an informal variety
if she or he talks to her or his friend, on the other, a formal-standard variety will be the best choice if she or he talks to her or his teachers.
Other researchers mention “modernization, westernization, efficiency, professionalism and social advancement” Kachru, 1989; Kamwangamalu, 1989
as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91 as some reasons why people use English in their
communication. These reasons can be related to reasons of code-switching since this research studies code-switching between Indonesian language and English
language. English language as one of the most-widely used language may represent modernization as well as westernization in Indonesia. For instance there
are many international schools which require English as the communication device in teaching learning activities. This phenomenon makes English language
popular to school-age students. Efficiency makes communication more efficient than using translated
version which probably takes longer explanation. Professionalism and social advancement correlate more on working world. In professional work, he or she
will take into more consideration than those who are less competitive in English. As a result, it may effect his social advancement since he or she gets more chance
to deal with wider community.
B. Theoretical Framework
