4. Types of Code-Switching
McCormick 1994:582 defines there are 6 major types of code-switching namely 1 diglossia, 2 situational code-switching, 3 metaphoric code-
switching, 4 conversational code-switching, 5 single-word code-switching; borrowing and 6 integrated loanwords.
a. Diglossia Diglossia happens “in whole discourse types.” Mc.Cormick 1994:581.
There are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossic communities. There are high H and low L variety. The first one is the prestige variety which
is used in formal discourse, and the other, which is lack of prestige, is used in less formal discourse. The switching in diglossia occurs between two different
discourses. People may use L variety when they speak to their family at home but choose H variety, the more formal variety, when they are in the office doing job
presentation. Length of juxtaposed utterances of diglossia is whole discourse types.
b. Situational Code-Switching Situational code-switching happens “in whole conversation, in one
context” Mc.Cormick 1994:581. Wardhaugh 1992:106 also says that “situational code-switching happens when the language which is used by a
speaker changes according to the situation which is faced by the speaker.” The language change depends on the occasion faced by a speaker since certain
occasion may encourage the speaker to exchange the language which is used. The changes happen for the whole part of one’s speech in one context. For example,
an English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory speech of past-continuous tense among the second-grade students of Junior High
School. Unfortunately, the students have not understood the teacher’s explanation of when to use this tense. It is helpful and possible if the teacher re-explains his or
her English explanatory speech in Indonesian so that the students can fairly comprehend it. Despite the framework of the context of occurrence which should
be within one context, this example of situational code-switching also gives salient description that situational code-switching happens without any change of
the topic. c. Metaphoric Code-Switching
Metaphoric code-switching happens in “a whole conversation, each within one role relationship.” Mc.Cormick 1994:581.The role of relationship between
the speakers in a conversation may change. The change of the language or dialect that they use may also change in line with it. Wardhaugh 1992:106 explains that
one thing that enables people to identify metaphorical code-switching is that it has an affective dimension; formal to informal, official to personal, serious to
humorous, etc. Unlike the previous one, this type of code-switching asserts changes of the topic. When someone meets his or her neighbor doing his or her
duty as a bank teller the person may greet his or her neighbor with their daily language, the less formal one, such as a local dialect. But the person, then,
appropriately and politely chooses the more formal language to assert his or her main purpose to come to the bank, in which he or she wants to draw some money.
Here, the speakers change their role of relationship from personal to official. The
different relationship built by the speakers accompanied by the change of the code asserts the existence of metaphoric code-switching.
d. Conversational Code-Switching Conversational code-switching can also be called style shifting or code
mixing. It occurs “in whole conversational turnschunks within a turn; whole sentences or clauseswhole clause constituents.” Mc.Cormick 1994:581.A
speaker may exchange to another language in one turn conversation. This phenomenon normally occurs to second language learners. They may mix the
target language they learn with their mother tongue language to smooth the communication. Wardhaugh 1992:106 also states that “Conversational code-
switching occurs when conversances use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single
utterance.” e. Single-Word Code-Switching
Single-word code-switching or borrowing is also called lexical borrowing.”It involves single words, mainly nouns, and it is motivated by lexical
need.” Wardhaugh, 1992:42. People use the borrowed words usually according to the rules of the first language, as if they are part of the first language for
example: ‘Ceritanya dari film itu mengambil setting di Portugal.’ From the example, it can be seen that the speaker replaces an Indonesian word lokasi with
an English word setting.
f. Integrated Loanwords The change in this type happens within a morpheme level McCormick,
1994:581. Morpheme is a minimal functional element of a word. Here, someone may integrate a word from one language with affixes from another language to
form a morpheme for example:‘Luna Maya adalah seorang aktris cantik yang ber- skill tinggi.’
From the sentence above, the speaker combines the Indonesian prefix ber- with an English word skill.
5. Reasons for Code-Switching
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