beings. Although between psychology and literature do not stand as a part, psychology can be applied to analyze the work of literature.
In the book of Theory of Literature, Wellek and Warren defined psychology of literature as “ the psychological study of the writer as a type of individual, or
the study of the psychological types and laws presented within works of literature, or finally, the effects of literature upon its readers 1956: 81. They also stated that
psychology can enlighten the creative process of a work of literature. Characters in novels and plays are judged to be psychologically true which means that
characters need to be depicted as real creatures that have real personalities. The close relationship between psychology and literature is also stated by
Kalish in the Psychology of Human Behavior : “literature holds the mirror up to
the man. A good writer or novelist can communicate the feeling of their characters and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the
psychologist attempts to describe. The writer can use the understanding provided by the psychologist to enrich stories, and psychologist can gain understanding of
human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good author” Kalish, 1973: 8.
4. Theory of Personality Development
According to Hurlock t he term “personality” is derived from the latin word
persona, which means “mask”. Among the Greeks, actors used a mask to hide their identity on stage. This dramatic technique was later adopted by the Romans
to whom persona denoted as one appears to others, note as one actually is. The
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popular definition of personality has two effects. First, it emphasizes only the manifest aspects of the intricate pattern of personality, the expressiveness of the
individual. Second, in emphasizing only the objective aspects of personality, it does not indicate what the real personality is, the subjective or interior
organization which is responsible for the expressive aspects Hurlock, 1974:6. Hurlock also stated that personality is the most character integration of an
in dividual’s structures and activities. It is characteristic in dual sense because 1
it is unique, thus differentiating the individual from all others, and 2 it is fairly consistent representing the customary integration of a particula
r individual’s structures and activities. These representative early psychological definition
stressed the manifest aspects of personality what may be observed by others though they implied that what a person is , how he thinks and feels, and what is
included in his total psychological makeup will be revealed through his speech and behavior Hurlock, 1974:6.
In the book Personality Development, the author defines that personality development is a stage in growth of a constantly changing and evoking process
within the individual. The process becomes more complex, in the patterning of one’s self-concept, habit, attitude, emotional states, sentiment, and motives.
Furthermore, it determines hisher uniqueness in speech, in reactions to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed toward the
specific goal to adjust hisher environment Hurlock, 1974:7 Personality of human being is different from one another. O
ne’s personality can change by the time. Allport, as cited in Bryne and Kelly 1981:87, stated that
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“one’s personality is a dynamic process for it can change through one’s life”. The changes happen when there is a condition that leads to new emotional, informal,
of imaginative response. When an individual is faced to a new fact, there might be drama
tic changes in one’s info- belief system, new expectancies, and perhaps new emotional responses as well as attitudes.
There are three characteristics of changes in personality that stated by Hurlock 1974:120-122. First, the changes are for better and worse. This
personality reflects the life adjustment of the individuals are making at certain point. Generally, the worse changes happen at puberty times. The person will
have different kinds of personality and this time is called as danger time. Sometimes, people forget their good personalities and change their new
personalities that are not always better. The second personality is for quantitative. The quantitative changes are for the replacement on the whole personality pattern.
It will make the personality strengthen, weaken or reinforced. While qualitative changes are the replacement on the part of the personality.
C. Theoretical Framework
In the previous chapter, there are three problems in order to discuss the personality of the main characters in Gaston
Learoux’ Phantom of the Opera. The first problem formulation is about the characterization of the main characters in
the story. In order to answer this question, the theories of character and characterization are needed to describe their characteristics. The theories of
character and characterization are used to explore the characteristics of Christine,
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Eric and Paul and their personalities change in the story. The analysis of the character in the story will be based on the theory of character that has been stated
before. Meanwhile, the theory af characterization is cited fr om Murphy’s theory
as the most suitable method to give more understanding about character. The second problem formulation is to find out the love relationship between
the main characters. The theory of love is used to answer this problem. The relationship of the main characters’ love give big influence to the changes of their
personality. The writer used theory of love from Rollo May, Elizabeth Hall, Fredman and friends.
Meanwhile, the third problem formulation is to see the personality development of the main characters which influenced by their feeling of love. In
answering this problem, the theory of personality development from Hurlock, Bryne and Kelly is used to analyze the change of their personalities.
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