i. Mannerism
The readers can understand the character’s personality based on his behavior and his habit either the good or the bad ones. From the description
of his behavior and his habit, the readers can conclude the ch aracter’s
personality.
2. Theory of Love
Love is very important in our life. Most of the literary works will be more interesting because of the love story. As Rollo May said that
“the striking things about love and will is that, whereas in the past they were always held up to us as
the answer to life’s predicaments. It is always true that love and will become more difficult in a transitional age. The old myths and symbols by which we oriented
ourselves are gone, anxiety is rampant; the people will cling to each other, they do not will because they are afraid that if they choose one thing or one person they
will lose the other ” May, 1974: 13.
People who falling in love with a special person feels something different in his or her life. He or she feels that
“ a new colour” comes into his or her life. It may occur because he or she has found out a special person who is able to fulfill
his or her needs of love. Love is a special type of relationship with another person. It is characterized by a feeling of warm affection and desire for attachment. It can
be including caring with family, friendship, idealistic love, and romantic love Powell, 1983: 194. In the book of The Art of Loving 1963:18, Fromm
remarked that “ love is the active concern for the life and the growth of that which
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we love. Where this active concern is lackin, there is no love.” This statement remind us that love is a thing that we need along our lives for growing and
surviving in the world. Love is an activity, not a passive effect; it is “standing in”, not a “ falling
for”. In the most general way, the active character of love can be described by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving 1963: 18.
Love is one of the themes in the story of the Phantom of the Opera. It shows the various applications of feeling such as toward a person, the attention between
a parent and a child, and attentions to friend. It is also adoration of God. According to Papalia and Sally in Psychology 1985: 635, there seem to be two
basic kinds of romantic love that engage our emotion-companionate and passionate.
“Companionate love, sometimes called as conjugal love, is like loving friendship between a man and a woman that include affection, deep attachment,
trust, respect, appreciation, loyalty, and close knowledge of each other. ” This kind
of love refers to affection and deep attachment that is built on respect, share interest, and firm friendship. Meanwhile, the passionate love
is a “wildly emotional state, a confusion of feeling: tenderness and sexuality, elation and
r elief, altruism and jealousy”. Passionate love is wildly emotional and often
associated with restlessness in the absence of one’s lover, appetite loss, agitation and other signs of arousal.
Romantic love includes relatively intense psychological arousal, as well as a strong psychological absorption and interest in another individual Feldman,
1985:217. It meant that romantic, are strongly dominated by strong love respon.
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Romantic goes with their feelings; they do not even think of leaving the person they love.
Love is a subjective experience. Thus, it is exceedingly difficult to define scientifically. Elizabeth Hall 1983:604 stated that the emotions that accompany
love are complex and far from being clearly understood. They involve sexual excitement, dependency, needs, joy, anxiety, jealously, sometimes a desire for
control and many other feeling. Possible extra “ingredients” you may experience
in some of your relationship are jealous, physical attraction, irrational feelings, sexual desire, security, competition for affection, a sense of personal growth, and
so forth 1986:327. Freedman and Peplau 1999: 85 identified some behaviors that are
influenced by love: a.
Emotion and motives that accompany love are jealously, confusion, needs, joy anxiety, security, competition for affection, sexual desire and
many others feeling. b.
Verbal pronouncement full affection; for example says “I love you” or flatter.
c. Self-disclosure. It means a person who’s falling in love give information
about himself to beloved as widespread as possible. d.
Desire to sacrifice in order to keep relation e.
Material signs of love; for example giving gifts or giving help f.
Immaterial signs of love; for examples showing enthusiasm with the c
ouple’s activity, appreciate the couple’s opinion, giving spirit support, promises something to the couple
g. Nonverbal communication; for example express happiness or relax in
togetherness. h.
Physical expression as a signs of love; such as hug and kiss i.
Show respectful restrain to the couple.
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The theory of love relationship also needed in this study. As it is stated by Erikson, through love relationships adolescents are often able to clarify some of
their identity confusion: To a considerable extent adolescents love is an attempt to arrive at a
definition of one’s identity by projecting one’s diffuse ego image on another and by seeing it thus reflected and gradually clarified. This is why so much
of young love is conversation 1963: 262. Understanding love relationships also permit the young person self-
expressions that otherwise have no social outlet. Hope, dreams, aspirations, and ideals can be explored along with disappoinment, fear, guilt, and disillusionment.
Such relationships enable young people to learn how to conduct themselves in new situation, explore their sexual conceptions of themselves, experiment with
other overt sex to some degree, and involved sexual encounters.
3. Relationship between Literature and Psychology
Psychology is the study of human behavior. Psychology has certain relationship with literature. As it is stated by Roekhan, psychology and literary
work have functional relationship; both can be used as means of learning someone’s physical condition 1990: 1. We can learn about psychological
condition of the character in a work through literary work. Psychology and literature study about the human being, but they have different object of concern;
psychology deals with human beings, while literature deals with imaginary human
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beings. Although between psychology and literature do not stand as a part, psychology can be applied to analyze the work of literature.
In the book of Theory of Literature, Wellek and Warren defined psychology of literature as “ the psychological study of the writer as a type of individual, or
the study of the psychological types and laws presented within works of literature, or finally, the effects of literature upon its readers 1956: 81. They also stated that
psychology can enlighten the creative process of a work of literature. Characters in novels and plays are judged to be psychologically true which means that
characters need to be depicted as real creatures that have real personalities. The close relationship between psychology and literature is also stated by
Kalish in the Psychology of Human Behavior : “literature holds the mirror up to
the man. A good writer or novelist can communicate the feeling of their characters and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the
psychologist attempts to describe. The writer can use the understanding provided by the psychologist to enrich stories, and psychologist can gain understanding of
human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good author” Kalish, 1973: 8.
4. Theory of Personality Development
According to Hurlock t he term “personality” is derived from the latin word
persona, which means “mask”. Among the Greeks, actors used a mask to hide their identity on stage. This dramatic technique was later adopted by the Romans
to whom persona denoted as one appears to others, note as one actually is. The
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