This types of error would be explained more in the next explanation about error based on the surface strategy taxonomy according to Dulay et al.
Dulay et al. claim that errors are divided into four types. They are error based on the linguistic category, error based on the surface strategy
taxonomy, error based on the comparative taxonomy, and error based on the communicative effect taxonomy.
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Here, the writer would like to explain more to make them clearer.
a. Error based on the linguistic taxonomy
This category carries out specification of errors of linguistic categories in terms of where the error is located in the overall system of the Target
Language TL, based on the linguistic item that is affected by the error. First, this taxonomy shows on what level of language the error is
located, such as in phonology, grammar, graphology, lexis, text, or discourse. Next, it indicates the specification of the category of linguistic unit where the
error occurs. Finally, we need to specify the grammatical system that affected by the error tense, voice, countability, etc
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For example: Rani study math last night.
This sentence above is incorrect, the learner used “study” in term of
the verb in the past form. This error is located in the grammar level of the simple past tense, which is specified into morphological category that shows
omission of –ed as the past form of verb. So, the correct sentence is:
Rani studied math last night.
b. Error based on the surface strategy taxonomy
This second type of descriptive taxonomy proposed by Dulay, Burt and Krashen, it divided into four categories. They are omission, addition,
misformation, and misordering. Besides, that four categories, James adds one categories blends that complements the Target Modification Taxonomy.
9
Dulay, et al., op. cit., p. 140
10
James, op. cit., p. 104-105
1. Omission Ø
Omission errors mean the learner omits an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance.
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James stated that omission is different from ellipsis and zero elements which are allowed by the grammar, because
omission makes a structure ungrammatical.
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Here, the writer would like to shows the example of omission:
He call me two days ago.
The sentence above is incorrect, because the learner omits –ed in
the past form of verb put that should be putted. So, here is the correct sentence:
He called me two days ago.
2. Addition
Addition errors are the opposite of omission errors, which presence an item that must not appear in a well-formed utterance. It usually occur in
the L
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acquisition process, when learners has already acquired some rules in the TL. Dulay et al, divide it into three sub-categories.
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a Double Marking
This sub categories is defined as a failure to delete certain items which are required in some linguistics construction but not in others.
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For example:
She did not studied last night.
Above is an incorrect sentence, because added –ed on the main verb
study. It make the sentence is redundant because the auxiliary did already carries the marker of the past tense. Below is the correct
sentence: She did not study last night.
11
Dulay, op. cit., p. 155
12
James, op. cit., p. 106
13
Dulay, loc. cit., p. 156
14
james, loc. cit., p. 107
