xviii a. The result of this study can improve the quality of teaching listening at
schools. b. The school also gives freedom to the teacher to conduct an innovative
teaching and learning activity.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Learning Motivation
1. Learning
Learning is a process that must be undergone by all of human being. Learning process is not only happen in the class but also outside the class. Maltby, et
al. give a statement that: “Learning is the process by which an organism changes its behavior as the result of experience” 1999: 219. The other expert, Lahey defines:
“Learning refers to any relativity permanent change in behavior brought about through experience”, that is, through interaction with the environment” 2004: 198.
According to Sdorow 1998: 234, learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience.
xix From the definitions above, learning could be defined as a change in behavior
or knowledge of an organism that is brought about through experiences, in interacting with the environment. Learning is a change of behavior or knowledge,
either in the direction of a better or worst one. The changing is resulted from experience. Not all changes in behavior are the result of learning. The change results
are resulted from the experiences rather than the change due to biological causes, such as maturation
,
and body development. The changing should be relatively
permanent. It is the results of a certain period, may be for days, weeks, months, or even grades. The changing involves many aspects, like the changing of habit,
attitude, and understanding.
2. Motivation
Harmer 1993: 3 states that motivation is an internal drive that encourages somebody to pursue a course of action. Lahey 1995: 231 defines motivation as an
internal state that activates and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings and actions. According to Brown 1994: 152, motivation is an inner drive, impulse, emotion, or
desire that moves one to particular action. In a more technical term, he explains that motivation refers to “the choices people make as to what experiences or goals they
will approach or avoid and the degree of effort they will exert in that respect”. Meanwhile, Sdorow states that motivation refers to the psychological processes that
arouse, direct and maintain behavior toward goal 1998: 374. He emphasizes that
xx motivation is related to the behavior, students’ behavior in the learning process that
leads them to achieve the goal.
Elliot, et al. 2000: 332 define motivation as an internal state that arouses people to action, pushes them in particular directions and keeps them engaged in
certain activities. Maltby 1995: 207 defines motivation as what energizes us and directs the activity to achieve the goals. The energy and direction are derived from
the learner’s mind to reach the goals which are as the center of the motivation. He can conclude that motivation is the energy and direction of the
behavior of the people in the learning process that drives them to do a particular action in order to achieve goals.
In this study, the writer defines that learning motivation is as the energy of the people to achieve learning goals that covers curiosity, perseverance, ego-
involvement and positive task oriented in through learning experience.
3. Motivation in Learning Foreign Language
