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4.3.4 Tense and Aspect
Tense and aspect may be the most complicated part of grammatical between English and Bahasa Indonesia. Past and present tenses are marked by verb
changes adverbs of time in English. Adverbs of time are the only mark to indicate past and present in Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia uses also temporal
determiners sudahtelah and sedang to indicate aspect, perfect and progressive. There is no agreement or formula of verbs related perfect and progressive aspects
as English. Some problems will occur in this part, as follows: English has agreement of verbs related to adverbs of time to distinguish
past and present. Meanwhile there are only adverbs of time to differentiate them in Bahasa Indonesia. It becomes a problem when the English only uses verb forms
without any adverbs of time, so that the translation is not past or present because Bahasa Indonesia will use the same form of verbs in any tenses or aspects. Below
is the example: 79 a. “It was a little trickier than I expected. S.8
b. “Sedikit lebih rumit daripada yang kuperkirakan. S.8 The word ’was’ and ’expected’ are past forms. The use of past forms indicate that
the activity or event happened in the past and has been finished. There is no adverb of past time used here, so that there is nothing which can explain that it is
past in Bahasa Indonesia because Bahasa Indonesia will use the same verb form to indicate past or present. It means that information related to exact time of the
event is loss.
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Tense and aspect in English have many variations. Some of them are difficult to reflect in Bahasa Indonesia because the form doesn’t exist. If it isn’t
translated in the correct and proper form. Past perfect had + past participle and present perfect have + past participle are the examples that will be explained
below: 80 a. Yaxley had leaned forward to look down the long table at
Voldemort and Snape. S.52 b. Yaxley telah mencondongkan tubuh ke depan untuk memandang
ke ujung meja ke arah Voldemort dan Snape. S.52 81 a. No doubt a Confundus Charm has been placed upon Dawlish.
S.58 b. Tak diragukan lagi Mantra Confundus pastilah telah dilancarkan
kepada Dawlish. S.58 In sentence 80, the form of ’had leaned’ indicates past perfect. In
sentence 81, the form ’has been placed’ indicates present perfect. In Bahasa Indonesia, perfect is marked by temporal determiners ’telah’ or ’sudah’. They are
used for both past and present perfect and no verb changes such as in the sentences above. It means that past and present perfect in Bahasa Indonesia are
not distinguished and have the same meaning. Meanwhile, english has distinguished them because they have different meanings. Past perfect means that
the activity was finished before another activity or time in the past. Present perfect expresses the idea that something happened before now, at an unspecified time in
the past.
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4.3.5 Voice