Significance of the Study Objective of the Study Scope of the Study

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1.4 Objective of the Study

This analysis is going to try to find out the types of language disorder due to thought disorder found in schizophrenia paranoid patients. Based on the problem of the study above, the objective of this analysis are: 1. To find out the types of schizophrenic speech found in schizophrenia paranoid patients. 2. To find out the most dominant type of schizophrenia speech found in schizophrenia paranoid patients. 3. To find out which patient has most severe language disorder.

1.5 Scope of the Study

It is important to make a scope in this study in order to get a clear explanation about the topic. This analysis of language disorder in schizophrenia patients limited only on language disorder due to disorder of thought or also known as “thought disorder” which are found among the five selected schizophrenia paranoid patients in District Hospital of Simeulue. This analysis uses Andreasen’s theory to find the types of language disorder found in schizophrenia paranoid patients’ speech. Andreason 1979 distinguished schizophrenic speech or language disorder due to thought disorder in schizophrenia into 18 types, they are; poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, pressure of speech, distractible speech, tangentiality, derailment, incoherence, illogicality, clanging, neologism, word approximations, 7 circumstantiality, loss of goal, perseveration, echolalia, blocking, stilted speech, and self-reference. 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Background 2.1.1 Language and Brain The ability of human to communicate with others through language cannot be separated from the role of the brain. As Steinberg 2001: 309-310 said that we have minds and in our minds we have the means for producing and comprehending speech. Human brain is divided into two halves, a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere. Stainberg 2001: 309-310 stated that the general structure of the brain is that of a whole which is divided into vertical halves which seem to be a mirror images of one another. He also added that each half of the brain is called a hemisphere. There is a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere. The brain controls the body by a division of labour, so to speak. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, including the right hand, the right arm, and the right side of the face, while the right hemisphere controls the left side of body Steinberg, 2001: 313. For most people, the language area is in the left hemisphere. However, recent evidence indicates that the right hemisphere too is involved in language processing. The right hemisphere has been found to be more adept at processing 9 single lexical items and the semantic relation between them, while it is the left hemisphere that combines syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic information into a conceptual representation of a sentence Faust, 1998 cited in Steinberg, 2001: 324. The complexity underlying speech first reveled itself in patient who were suffering various communication problems. The ancient Greeks noticed that the brain damage could cause loss of the ability to speak a condition known as aphasia. In 1861, Pierre Paul Broca described a patient who could utter only single word – ‘tan’. When this patient died, Broca examined his brain and observed significant damage to the left frontal cortex, which has since become known anatomically as ‘Broca’s area’. The result of his finding is patients with damage to the Broca’s area can understand language, but they generally are unable to produce speech because words are not formed properly, this language disorder called Broca’s aphasia. Other researcher who did research relates to language problems due to damage to the brain is Carl Wernicke. In 1876, he discovered that language problems also could result from damage to another section of the brain. This area, later termed as ‘wernicke’s area’, located in the posterior part of the temporal lobe. Damage to the Wernicke’s area can result in a loss of the ability to understand language or Wernicke’s aphasia. Thus, patient with damage in this area can continue to speak, but words are put together in such a way that they make no sense.