Related Researches REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

35 The result of the analysis showed that 1 a such stages of language production as conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring were differently used by the patients. The emergency patient failed to use those stages of language production. The semi-emergency patients were able to make use of those stages of language production inconsistently. Meanwhile, the quite patient was able to use those stages of language production relatively consistently; b the schizophrenic language was comprehended through phonetic and phonological, morphological, syntactic, and text units. The emergency patient failed in using those units of language comprehension. Therefore, the utterances produced were not properly structured and coherent. The semi-emergency patient used those units of language comprehension inconsistently through out the whole conversation. The quiet patient used those units of language comprehension relatively more consistently 2 generally, schizophrenic behavior included association obstacles resulting in sudden change and unclear concepts. Schizophrenic behavior was actually that of the self expression of which language was in a high linguistic level, semantics and pragmatics. Schizophrenic behavior was unique, eccentric, full of metaphor, and neologism. Other research related to language disorder in schizophrenia patient is an analysis by Isra Az-Zahra, Gangguan Berbicara Pada Penderita Skizofrenia Pasien Rumah Sakit Jiwa Tampan Pekanbaru. This analysis focuses on language characteristic produced by paranoid schizophrenia patient. In doing this analysis, the researcher use theory of schizophrenia by Kaplan and applying a qualitative method. 36 As the result of the analysis, the writer found that pressure of speech, unintelligible speech, poverty of speech, voice disorder, disprosody, poverty of content of speech, stuttering and inability to answer spontaneously are common in patient with paranoid schizophrenia. Other related research is a journal by Rizkhi Nurul Azizah, Kemampuan Verbal Penderita Skizofrenia: Sebuah Studi Kasus. This research uses cooperative pragmatic theory by Grice and focuses on pragmatic impairment in language used by schizophrenia patient. Based on this research, the researcher found that verbal expression of schizophrenia patient follows Grice’s maxims. Other related research is A Psycholinguistic Study on Comprehension Disorder of the Main Character in A Beautiful Mind Movie 2010 written by Sumitro Agung Nugroho. This study focuses on analyzing comprehension disorder of the schizophrenic character in A Beautiful Mind movie. This study uses descriptive qualitative method and the data are utterances of John Nash, the main character of A beautiful mind movie. The aim of the study is to get the understanding and detailed explanation about comprehension disorder found in the schizophrenic character of A Beautiful Mind movie. And the result of the study shows that the schizophrenic character of A Beautiful Mind movie, John Nash, has a comprehension disorder which occurred due to his delusion and hallucination. There are nine types of comprehension disorder found in the schizophrenic character of A beautiful Mind 37 movie, including derailment, flight of ideas, incoherence, irrelevant answer, blocking, retardation, perseveration, pressure of speech, and circumstantiality. Other related research is a Thesis entitled Schizophrenic Language a case study of Toni Blank 2014 written by Wahyu Wiji Nugroho from Gadjah Mada University. It is a descriptive qualitative research which attempts to explain about language phenomenon occurred in schizophrenic or people with mental disorder, especially Toni blank. The aims of this study are 1 to describe the characteristics of language in schizophrenic, especially Toni Blank, 2 to describe about violation of cooperative principle and degree of relevance when Toni Blank speak to other 3 to describe cohesion and coherence of schizophrenic, especially Toni Blank. The data of the research is taken from Toni Blank Shows and live interview between the researcher and Toni Blank. Toni Blank Shows is a video made by X-Code Yogyakarta Film, consists of dialogue between Toni Blank and the interviewer which is uploaded in youtube. And the data of this research are utterances and answers from Toni Blank. The result of the study are 1 the characteristics of language of Toni Blank including: incoherence, Neologism, Blocking, repetition, code-mixing, dieksis, and pragmatic deficit, 2 Toni Blank tends to violate all of the cooperative principle and have a very low degree of relevance, 3 Toni Blank still have the ability to use cohesion tool effectively. 38 All of those related researches give a lot contribution to writer in understanding language disorder in schizophrenia as well as it helps writer in writing and organized this analysis. The method used in the journal Kajian Psikolinguistik Bahasa Skizofrenik: Studi Kasus Pada Rumah Sakit Jiwa Bangli written by Ni Ketut Alit Ida Setianingsih, I Made Netra, I Gst. Ngurah Prathama inspires the writer in collecting the data of A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Language Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Case Study in which the data will be collected by using direct observed conversation by doing involved interview with some schizophrenia patients. There are some differences between this analysis and others related researches which only focus on language comprehension disorder in schizophrenia. This Analysis of Psycholinguistic analysis of language disorder in schizophrenia: a case study use Andreasen’s theory in analyze the subtypes of language disorder found in schizophrenia paranoid patients. And this analysis is a field research which will be done by using case study method, therefore, the result and finding in this analysis was expected deeper than the previous research. 39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Method of the Study

This analysis is a qualitative research which is going to be done by using a case study method. Miles and Huberman 1994: 1 stated that Qualitative data, usually in the form of words rather than numbers, have always been the staple of some fields in the social sciences, notably anthropology, history, and political science. They also added that in the past decade, however, more researchers in basic disciplines and applied fields psychology, sociology, linguistics, public administration, organizational studies, business studies, health care, urban planning, educational research, family studies, program evaluation, and policy analysis have shifted to a more qualitative paradigm. A case study research is a methodology which can take either a qualitative or quantitative research. In the qualitative research, case study refers to the in- depth analysis of a single or a small number of units. A case study unit may include a single person, a group of people, an organization, or an institution. Yin 2002: 2-3 said that the case study is one of several ways of doing social science research. It is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of study the case, as well as it is related to contextual conditions. He also added that the case being studied in a case study research may be an individual, organization, event, or action, existing in a specific time and 40 place. The case study has been a common research strategy in psychology, sociology, political science, business, social work, and planning. The case study method is well-suited to this analysis because of its ability to answer the research problem appropriately. Case study was applied in this study to get the detail description from the subject.

3.2 Data and Data Source

This analysis of language disorder in schizophrenia analyzes the utterances of schizophrenia patients as the data of the research. There are 5 five hospitalized psychiatric patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia took part as the data source in this analysis. The research was carried out in the District Hospital of Simeulue in Simeulue district, Aceh province. As mentioned above, the data source of this analysis are five selected hospitalized schizophrenia patients in Simeulue District Hospital. These patients consist of four men and one woman, which have determined randomly. Those patients have diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. They are Mr. Sl, 48 years old, Mr. MC, 34 years old, Mr. Aj, 28 years old, Mr. JMY, 41 years old, and Ms. Rs, 44 years old. This analysis only focused on schizophrenia paranoid patients because patient with schizophrenia paranoid patients are more communicative that other patient with other subtypes of schizophrenia.