The Correlation Of Students' A Chievement In Vocabulary And Reading Ability At Islamic Junior High School : A Case Study at Second Year Students' of MTs Al Kaairiyah,South Jakarta Academic Year 2008 /2009
THE CORRELATION OF STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT
IN VOCABULARY AND READING ABILITY
AT ISLAMIC JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(A Case Study at Second Year Students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah, South Jakarta Academic Year 2008 / 2009)
A “Skripsi”
Presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of “Sarjana Pendidikan” In English Language Education
By:
FIFIT FITRIYAH
NIM. 102014023739
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS TRAINING
SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2009 M / 1430 H
THE CORRELATION OF STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT
IN VOCABULARY AND READING ABILITY
(2)
(A Case Study at Second Year Students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah, South Jakarta Academic Year 2008 / 2009)
A “Skripsi”
Presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of “Sarjana Pendidikan” In English Language Education
By:
FIFIT FITRIYAH
NIM. 102014023739
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS TRAINING
SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2009 M / 1430 H
THE CORRELATION OF STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT
IN VOCABULARY AND READING ABILITY
AT ISLAMIC JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(A Case Study at Second Year Students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta
Academic Year 2008/2009)
(3)
A “Skripsi”
Presented To the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of “Sarjana Pendidikan” In English Language Education
By:
Fifit Fitriyah
NIM. 102014023739
Approved by the Advisor
Prof. Dr. Hadjid Harnawidagda, M.Pd NIP. 150 011 332
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS TRAINING
SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2009 M / 1430 H
THE CORRELATION OF STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT
IN VOCABULARY AND READING ABILITY
AT ISLAMIC JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
(A Case Study at Second Year Students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta
Academic Year 2008/2009)
A “Skripsi”
(4)
Presented To the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of “Sarjana Pendidikan” In English Language Education
By:
Fifit Fitriyah
NIM. 102014023739
Approved by Advisor:
Prof. Dr. Hadjid Harnawidagda, M.Pd NIP. 150 011 332
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS TRAINING
SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
(5)
(6)
ENDORSEMENT BY THE EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
The exmination committee of the faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training certifies that the scientific paper (skripsi) entitled ”The Correlation Of Students’ Achievement in Vocabulary and Reading Ability at Islamic Junior High School” (A Case Study At Second Year Students’ Of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta Academic Year 2008/2009), written by Fifit Fitriyah, student’s registration number 102014023739 was examined by the committee on June 19, 2009 and was declared to have passed and therefore, fulfilled one of the requirements for the academic title of S.Pd. (Bachelor of Arts) in English Language Education in the Department of English Education.
Jakarta, June 2009
EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
Chairman : Drs. Syauki, M.Pd (_______________)
NIP. 19641212 199103 1 002
Secretary : Neneng Sunengsih, S.Pd (_______________)
NIP. 150 293 236
Examiners : 1. Drs. Syauki, M.Pd (_______________)
NIP. 19641212 199103 1 002
2. Drs. Nasrun Mahmud, M.Pd (_______________) NIP. 150 041 070
Acknowledge By:
Dean of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training Faculty
Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA NIP. 19571005 198703 1 003
(7)
!
!
!
!
"
"
"
"
#
$
#
$
#
$
#
$
#% & ' (!
#% & ' (!
#% & ' (!
#% & ' (!
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
!
!
!
!
**
**
**
**
)
)
)
)
**
**
**
**
+
'
**
+
+
'
'
**
**
+
'
**
+
' !
!
**
+
+
' !
' !
!
!
**
**
+
' !
!
**
,
- .
**
,
- .
**
,
- .
**
,
- .
**
,
(
,
(
,
(
,
(
/.
/.
/.
/.
0 .
0 .
0 .
0 .
0 &
0 &
0 &
0 &
0 # 1 0
0 # 1 0
0 # 1 0
0 # 1 0
(
(
(
(
2*
2*
2*
2*
)
* +
)
*
)
)
* +
* +
)
)
*
*
)
* +
)
*
**
**
**
**
. .
. .
. .
. .
(8)
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT
!
The writer, on this occasion, would like to express her greatest honor and acknowledgement to her beloved parent, H. Marullah Jaelani and Hj. Zikro Abdullah Musa, who always encourage the writer with all of their heart, also for their support, compassion, advice and motivation. The writer also likes to convey her great gratitude to Prof. Dr Hadjid Harnawidagda, M.Pd. as the advisor, who has given the writer his patience and careful guidance as well as valuable advice during the writing of this “skripsi” until its completion.
Alhamdulillah, the writer has finished the “skripsi”. Absolutely it is not only an effort by her self alone, there are many hands help her. In this occasion, she presents great gratitude to:
1. Prof. Dr. H. Dede Rosyada as the Dean of Faculty Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training.
2. Drs. Syauki, M.Pd, the head of English Education Department, Faculty Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training.
3. Neneng Sunengsih, S.Pd, the secretary of English Education Department, Faculty Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training.
4. All lectures and officers of English Education Department, who introduce the world of education and have given contribution, support and have been being a good role model for the writer.
5. All her sister’s and brother’s, K’ Iba - K’ Husein, K’ Iwan - K’ Ria, K’ Evi - Bang Apank, K’ Elly - Mas Hasbi, K’ Heri - K’ Liez, K’ Riza - Irha, K’Yan, Reni, and Adlan who always encourage the writer with all of their heart, for their support, compassion, advice and motivation.
6. Fathan, Fadhil, Zahran, Hazelia, and Aditya, my niece, my little angels, who always give color of my life…… For every laugh and peacefulness…
(9)
7. H. A. Soelaiman, BA, the Head Master of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta, for all his support and kindness.
8. All teachers’, staff and students’ at MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta, especially for Iwan Syafei, S.Pd as English teacher for second year students’.
9. The librarian of State Islamic University and American Corner, Syarief Hidayatullah, Jakarta, the librarian of National library, the librarian of Aminef, Jakarta, and the librarian of Soemantri Bojonegoro, Jakarta, for allowing her to copy, borrow and read books.
10. For my Aa, I hope you’ll be my soul mate forever, amien…… Thanks for being with me, your support, compassion, advice and motivation… For every laugh and tears……
11. To all her best friends, Vheea, Nina, Shofa, Umi, Farah, Diah, Diana, Komariah, Nia, Selly, Isdha, Jime and Bang Amrie, thank you very much for giving support, sharing their time and being good friends.
12. To any other person who have given their help for the writer to finish her “skripsi” and for all friends who can not be mentioned one by one.
The words are not enough to say appreciate for their help and contribution in writing this “skripsi”. May Allah, the almighty bless them all, amin. Finally, the writer realizes that this “skripsi” is not perfect yet. Therefore, the writer would like to accept any constructive suggestion to make this “skripsi” better.
Jakarta, June 2009
(10)
ABSTRACT
Fifit Fitriyah
The Correlation of Students’ Achievement In Vocabulary And Reading Ability At Islamic Junior High School (A Case Study at Second Year Students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah, South Jakarta Academic Year 2008 / 2009)
One of the purposes of teaching English in Junior High School or Islamic Junior High School (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) is to make students able to read English text. So its teacher’s jobs to make the students were able to read and increase their knowledge and skill by reading English. Vocabulary actually has an important role in improving reading skills. The first thing that students should learn is some stock of words, vocabulary. Vocabulary is one aspect in learning a foreign language. By having and mastering the vocabulary, student’s ability in reading, writing, speaking and listening increase too.
The writer analyzes the data from the experiment and makes some conclusion. The data is carried out from vocabulary test and reading test. The subject of the study is the second B year students’. The analysis is done by Pearson Product Moment formula (describe the data, analyze and make hypothesis and interpretation about the data). The result of the research is showed that there is significant correlation of students’ achievement in vocabulary and reading ability at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al KhairiyahThe result of the analysis of the research shows the value of
r
xy is higher (0.770) than the value ofr
table(0.393).
The writer also concludes based on the data collected from the vocabulary test and reading test showed the mean scores of vocabulary test were 73.25. While the mean scores of reading test was 73.63. Modus for vocabulary test is 65 and modus for Reading test is 70. Median for vocabulary test is 70 and median for Reading test is 75. From the data collected too the writer also concludes the high score from vocabulary and reading test were 90 and the low score were 60.
(11)
ABSTRAKSI
Fifit Fitriyah
Hubungan Dari Prestasi Siswa Dalam Menguasai Kosakata Dan Kemampuan Membaca Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Islam (Studi Kasus Pada Kelas Dua Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al Khairiyah Tahun Ajaran 2008/2009)
Salah satu tujuan pengajaran bahasa inggris di sekolah menengah pertama atau madrasah tsanawiyah adalah untuk membuat siswa bisa membaca teks berbahasa Inggris. Jadi sudah menjadi tugas guru untuk membuat siswa bisa untuk membaca dan meningkatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan kemampuan mereka dengan membaca bahasa Inggris. Kosakata sebenarnya mempunyai peranan penting dalam meningkatkan kemampuan seseorang dalam membaca. Hal pertama yang siswa pelajari dalam bahasa asing adalah kumpulan kata, yaitu kosakata. Kosakata adalah salah satu aspek di dalam belajar bahasa. Dengan menguasai kosakata, maka kemampuan siswa akan memahami ketika membaca, menulis, berbicara dan mendengarkan akan meningkat juga.
Penulis menganalisa data dari penelitian dan membuat beberapa kesimpulan. Data diambil dari test kosakata dan test membaca. Subjek penelitian diambil dari siswa kelas dua B. Analisa menggunakan rumusan Pearson Product Moment. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang pasti dari prestasi siswa dalam menguasai kosakata dengan kemampuan membaca di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al Khairiyah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai dari
r
xy lebih besar (0,770) dari nilair
table (0,393).Penulis juga menyimpulkan berdasarkan data yang dihitung dari test kosakata dan membaca menunjukkan rata-rata dari test kosakata adalah 73,25. dan rata-rata dari test membaca adalah73,63. Modus dari test kosakata adalah 65 dan modus test membaca adalah 70. Median dari test kosakata adalah 70 dan median dari test membaca adalah 75. Dari data yang dikumpulkan penulis juga menyimpulkan bahwa nilai tertinggi dari test kosakata dan test membaca adalah 90 dan nilai terendah adalah 60.
(12)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENDORSEMENT SHEET ……… i
MOTTO ……….. ii
DEDICATION ………. ………. iii
ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT ………. iv
ABSTRACT ……… vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ……….. 1
A. The Background of Study ……….. 1
B. Limitation and Formulation of the Problem …... 4
C. Objective of Study ………. 4
D. Methodology of Research ……….. 4
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……….. 6
A. Reading ………. 6
1. The Definition of Reading ……… 6
2. The Types of Reading ………... 8
3. Factors Affecting Reading Comprehensions ……… 9
B. Vocabulary ……… 12
1. The Definition of Vocabulary ………. 12
2. The Kinds of Vocabulary………. 14
3. Teaching Vocabulary………16
(13)
C. Relation Of Vocabulary and Reading………… 18
D. The Hypothesis of Study ………19
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS ………... 20
A. Research Methodology………... 20
1. The Purpose of Research………... 20
2. Operational Definitions of Variables…….... 20
3. Place and time of Study……….... 21
4. Method of Study………... 21
5. The Technique of Sample Taking………….. 22
6. The Technique of Data Collecting…………. 22
7. The Research Instrument……….. 28
8. Technique of Data Analysis……….. 29
B. Research Finding………. 30
1. The Description of Data……….... 30
2. The Analysis of Data………. 43
3. Test of Hypothesis……… 47
CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION………….. 49
A. Conclusion ……….. 49
B. Suggestion ……….. 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(14)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Kisi-Kisi Dan Butir Soal Test Vocabulary Bahasa Inggris
Kelas VIII ………... 23
Table 2 : Kisi-Kisi Dan Butir Soal Test Reading Bahasa Inggris Kelas VIII ………. 25
Table 3 : Score of Students’ Vocabulary Tests ……….... 31
Table 4 : Score of Students’ Vocabulary Test from the High Score to the Low Score ……….. 33
Table 5 : Score of Students’ Reading Tests ………..…… 35
Table 6 : Score of Students’ Reading Test from the High Score to the Low Score ……….. 37
Table 7 : Score of Students’ Vocabulary and Reading Tests ………... 39
Table 8 : Frequency of Vocabulary ………... 41
Table 9 : Frequency of Reading ……… 41
Table 10 : Interval Vocabulary ………41
Table 11 : Interval Reading ………... 42
Table 12 : The Result of Students’ Achievement in Vocabulary and Reading Ability by Pearson Product Moment Table ……….. 44
(15)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
In every language course including in English course as one of these school subject, there are four skills that should be mastered by the students, these skills are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. All of the skills should be practiced by students which cannot be separated from each other if one expects to be able to communicate freely in English.
Reading is one important role among other skills in language learning; it is good thing in life because it is a factor of great importance in the individual development and the most important activity in school. It is needed in every level of field of study. Particularly in cases when students have to read English materials for their own special subject. As Harry Madox said that “Reading is the most important single skill in study.”1
One of the purposes of teaching English as a foreign language to Indonesian people is that they can read, grasp the idea and understand the book written in English. To achieve those purposes, students need a lot of words of English. The more they learn and memorize some stock of words, the more they get easy in their communication.
Being able to read in English is very important as it is known that success in reading is the most necessary because it is a basic tool of education. The ability to understand the subject in school such as mathematics, science, language and others depends on the subject ability to read. In high school and collage, reading ability becomes even more important. Through reading we acquire new ideas, obtain needed information, seek for our ideas and broaden our interest. We can also get the message that the writer had expressed. The ability to read helps to distinguish human being from other animal.
Vocabulary is one important aspect in learning a foreign language. With a limited vocabulary anyone will also has a limited understanding in terms of speaking, reading, listening and writing. It is true that it might be impossible to learn a language without
1
(16)
mastering vocabulary. When we read something it will sound good if we understand the words or vocabularies in our reading.
Vocabulary is one of the problems confronted by English language learners. Because of the limited vocabulary, the learners can not communicate to others clearly. As Norbert said “……vocabulary is one of the most important skills in language”.2 Good mastery of vocabulary is important to anyone who learns the language used in listening, speaking, reading and writing. A learner of a foreign language will speak fluently and accurately, write easily or understand what he or she reads and hears if he or she has enough vocabularies and has the capability of using it accurately.
According to H. G. Tarigan, “Kualitas keterampilan berbahasa seseorang jelas tergantung pada kuantitas dan kualitas yang dimilikinya maka semakin besar kosakata yang kita miliki maka semakin besar pula kemungkinan kita terampil berbahasa.”3 (The quality of language skill depends on the quantity and quality of vocabulary. The more we have, so become bigger our possibility to use the language).
Vocabulary actually has an important role in improving reading skills. The first thing that students should learn is some stock of words, vocabulary. Mastering vocabulary is the ability to get or to receive a lot of words. By having and mastering vocabulary we will know the meaning of vocabulary in the context. Measuring vocabulary helps to avoid making mistakes in understanding. So, to achieve the success in language teaching learning process especially in English, vocabulary is one of important factors in all language teaching.
There are many factors that make the students’ vocabulary low; they came from the internal factors and external one. The internal factors are from the inside of the students them selves such as motivation, interest, intelligence, etc. And the external factors are from the outside of the students that effect their learning process such as economic background, learning materials, teachers’ performance including their teaching methods.
Most of us if we find the difficult word, we still just continue our reading in the hope that the word we read is not really important or that it’s meaning will become clear later on.
2
Norbert Schmitt., Vocabulary in Language Teaching (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997) P. 40 3
(17)
But sometimes the word that we passed usually as the key of our reading and understanding, we cannot catch and grasp the idea from our reading as well as possible. So looking up the difficult words in dictionary is better for us, but the skillful is the reader can understand as he reads.
Based on the description of vocabulary and reading above, it shows that they have close relation. To get empirical data about it the writer will organize the test result to prove the influence of student’s achievement in vocabulary and reading. By getting the grades, the writer will try to find an answer that student’s achievement in vocabulary influencing reading.
B. Limitation and Formulation of the Problem
To make the problem clear, it is necessary for the writer to limit the problem. The limitation of the problem as the follows:
1. The subject of the research is the second grade students of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta.
2. The students’ achievement in vocabulary and reading ability will be obtained from the result of test given.
Based on the statement above, the formulation of this study is the writer wants to analyze if there is any correlation of students’ achievement in vocabulary and their reading ability.
C. Objective of Study
The objectives of the study as below:
a. The writer wants to know how far vocabulary support the students in reading
b. The writer wants to know whether students who have a good result in vocabulary test also have a good result in reading.
(18)
In the process of writing this skripsi, the writer uses two ways; library research and field research. In library research, the writer collects the data by searching materials from books that are correlated with the topic.
In field research, the writer carries out the observation at MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta and gives some test of vocabulary and reading, and then the test calculated. At the same time the writer will also interview to English teacher of that second year students’.
After scoring of such test, the writer will calculate the correlation. Then the writer will have some concerning with the students’ score vocabulary and reading. The writer tries to determine that are there any correlation of students achievement in vocabulary and reading? These scores will use the formula of Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient.
(19)
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
B. Reading
1. The Definition of Reading
Reading knowledge is broadened and well-informed by reading. Reading is really crucial our knowledge is usually broadened and informed by reading activities, and the activity of reading can be found in the internet, book, etc.
Students’ should practice their reading more and more, so that their reading ability and their reading experience will be improved. They may find difficulty and frustrating, but if they keep practicing, they will have a good sense of English and will help them to grasp the total meaning of the words. Another thing should be remembered in reading that students should not open a dictionary too often because it will slow down their reading rate and can make them bored. If they find new words, they should try to guess the meanings by trying to find out any clue words according to the context in the passages.
One of the major problems in reading instruction skill is definition of reading itself, as we know that reading is a complex process. Because of its complexity, it is apparent that one simple definition will not be sufficient, for those reason reading would be described and defined in various ways.
Generally, reading can be defined as an interaction with a printed massage. It means that reading is not passive action; there are some intellectual energy to be expended. Furthermore, Frank G. Jennings states in his book that reading is the art of transmitting the ideas, facts and feelings from the mind and soul of an author to the mind and soul of a reader, with accuracy and understandings, and much more.4
Reading is the process to get, to understand, to catch the content of the reading by the reader. And also reading is a process to understand a written text which means extracting the required information from it as efficiently as possible.
4
(20)
Straufter identified five answers responding to the questions about what are the definitions of reading, which are:5
1. Reading is a complex process.
2. Reading means to get information from the printed page.
3. Reading is the ability to pronounce and comprehend the printed word.
4. Reading is interpreting sounds, letter or symbols by assigning meanings to them.
5. Reading is receiving ideas and impressions from an author via printed words.
While Sandra Silberstein stated that reading is complex information processing skill in which the readers interact with text in order to recreate meaningful discourse.6
According to Lado “Reading in a foreign language consist of grasping meaning in that language though its written representation”.7 Furthermore F. Dubin explained the meaning of reading as “Reading is primarily a cognitive process, which means that the brain does most of the work”.8
Reading is a developmental process; the first stage is learning sound symbol correspondences either directly or by reading aloud sentences and words that have been mastered orally, and then we learn to read these some words and sentence patterns in new combinations.
Those statements above show the various definition of reading, they mean generally. But a simple conclusion may give easier understanding; reading means a complex process of thinking in assigning meanings from printed materials which involve most of the reader’s intellectual act such as pronunciation and comprehension in order to receive ideas or information extended by the text.
2. The Types of Reading
5
Walter T. Petty and Julien M. Jesen., Developing Children’s Language (Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc, 1980), P.207
6
Sandra Silberstein., Techniques and Resources in Teaching Reading (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), P. 12
7
Robert Lado., Language Teaching As A Scientific Approach (New York: Mc Graw Hill inc, 1964) p. 132 8
F. Dubin, D.E. Eskey and W. Grabbe., Teaching Second Language Reading for Academic Purposes (California: Edison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1986) P. 6
(21)
Depending on the purposes of reading it also can be classified into two types of activities, intensive and extensive reading.9
A. Intensive Reading
Intensive reading means reading shorter texts to extract specific information. This activity is likely more to emphasize the accuracy activity involving reading for detail. The process of scanning takes a more prominent role here than skimming. Reader is trying to absorb all the information given, example: reading dosage instruction for medicine, reading business magazines, etc.
B. Extensive Reading
Extensive reading deals with a longer text as a whole, which requires the ability to understand the component part and their contribution the overall meaning, usually for one’s own pleasure. This is a fluency activity, mainly involving global understanding. Example: reading newspapers, poems, article, short story, novel, Internet websites, etc.
Francoise Grellet defines two ways in reading to find out the information in the text, these are skimming and scanning. Skimming is quickly running one’s eyes over a text to get the gist of it, while scanning is quickly going through a text to find a particular piece of information.10 So, if a person wants to get an address, phone number, a date in a book over paragraph in order to locate a special piece of information, that activities is called “scanning” but if he reads all the passage in order to know about what it deals about his reading, that is called “skimming”.
In skimming a reader must ask himself what the text is talked about. He must move his eyes quickly over the text, looking especially at the main title, the beginning and the end, and the first sentence of paragraph. In scanning the reader must ask himself weather or not the text contains what he is looking for and if any, he must find where is located, he moves also his eyes more or less quickly over the text for specific items.
3. Factors Affecting Reading Comprehensions
9
Jeremy Harmer., How to Teach English,( England: Person, Longman Group, 2007) P. 99 10
Francoise Grellet, Developing Reading Skills., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982) P. Press, 1982) P. 4
(22)
The essence of reading act is comprehension; it becomes a primary challenge in teaching or learning of reading skill. In order to learn or understand the massage of the author, the students are hoped to have the ability to comprehend the written textbook. Comprehension means understanding the meaning or the point of a topic, F. Dubin, D.E. Eskey and W. Grabe show a more specific explanation, comprehension means relating what we do not know or new information, which is not random collection of facts but a “theory of a world” in each of our heads.11
As it has already been shown, reading comprehension need some intellectual ability to master it. There are six basic factors that influence the students’ ability in comprehending written materials.
a. Background Experiences
Students who have little experience may have some difficulties in comprehending many ideas and activities with other children are familiar before they learn in school. For an example, a student who never sees or hears about the mountain, and in some occasions dealing with it will find the story hard to follow, so he must have experiences in his background that enables him to bring personal meaning to the events and feelings of the story.
b. Intellectual abilities
Second aspect of comprehension is the students’ ability to think, it all depends on his intellectual development. Although the teacher gives the same textbook and same purpose of reading, the result of reading may be different. The number of ideas that they understand and the depth of their understanding will be largely dependent upon their general capacity to learn. The slow learning or dull-normal students cannot be expected to show same reaction or gain the same appreciations as the bright students when they read together for pleasure or to gain information.
c. Language abilities
The third aspect is the students’ language abilities, including semantics or word meaning and grasp of syntax. Understanding of semantics comes from experience with words in various, personally meaningful settings. A grasp of syntax is needed to recover the structure of the language, so the students have to master syntax which links deep and surface structure.
11
(23)
d. Affection
Such as personal interest, motivation, attitudes, beliefs, feelings; students will attend a better understanding to the story about a topic if they find personally interesting. The cause of greater understanding is also affected by reader’s attitude and beliefs, readers could understand materials better when it matches their own attitudes and beliefs on a topic. This affection is usually linked to each other.
e. The purpose of reading
This fifth factor also determines the comprehension ability, student could also have difficulties to understand the story if he reads it with no particular purpose in mind. Comprehension is always directed and controlled by the needs and purposes of an individual12. If that so, they must establish their own purpose before reading and commits the entire story to memory.
f. Skills of comprehending
Another factor which influences the depth and the amount of comprehension is the skills that the students have developed for that purpose; the ability to comprehend develops gradually from the simple to the complex skills. The teacher give a balanced program, include direct teaching of techniques which will aid the student in developing attitudes and skill of thoughtful, purposeful reading.
From all the factors, the writer only discussed the problem of the students’ language ability that includes vocabulary as the main subject. Yap (1979) concludes that there are causal links probably do exist between vocabulary and comprehension and that vocabulary is likely to be predominant causal factor. Davis (1968, 1972) also did extensive investigation into the question whether there are identifiable sub skills within the over all ability to read and he found that vocabulary was the most important and had the strongest effect.13
C. Vocabulary
1. The Definition of Vocabulary
12
F. Dubin, D.E. Eskey and W. Grabbe, Op Cit, P. 14 13
Ronald Carter and Michael McCharty, Vocabulary and Language Teaching (London: Longman, 1988), P. 98
(24)
When we consider by what we mean with vocabulary, the first idea that probably occurs to our brain is “words”, we may have pretty clear idea of what the words are. It is a sequence of letter bounded by spaces.14 Evelyn Hatch and Cheryl Brown states that vocabulary is a list or set of words for particular language and a list or set of word that individual speaker might use.15
Vocabulary is a basis of language; it is the “first of language”.16 Vocabulary as one of the language aspects have to be learned when people are learning a language. Good mastery of vocabulary is important for anyone who learns the language used in listening, speaking, writing and reading besides grammar. A learner of the foreign language will speak fluently and accurately, write easily or understand what he or she reads or hears if he or she has enough vocabulary and has capability of using it accurately.
It is obvious that vocabulary is very important in learning a language, especially in English, because the English vocabulary is extremely large and varies as well. Therefore, it is highly essential for English teachers to help their students’ in mastering vocabulary.
Norbert Schmitt gave the definition of vocabulary as a basis of a language; it is very important to be mastered first. We cannot speak well and understand written materials if we do not master it.17
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines “vocabulary means all the words that someone know, learn of uses or the words that are typically used when talking about particular subject or a list of words with the explanation of their meanings in a book for learning foreign language”.18
In some literature, we found the meaning of vocabulary. There are some definitions of vocabulary. A. S. Hornby in “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English” states that vocabulary is:
1. Total number of words which (with rules for combining them) make up a language.
14
Nobert Schmitt, Vocabulary in Language Teaching (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), P.1 15
Evelyn Hatch and Cherryl Brown, Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995)P.1
16
David Crstal, the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1995) P.116
17
Norbert Schmitt, op cit. P.2 18
(25)
2. (Range of) words known to, or used by a person, in a trade, profession, etc.19
In Webster’s new World College Dictionary, defined vocabulary as a list of words and, often, phrases, abbreviation, inflectional forms, etc., usually arranged in alphabetical order and defined or otherwise identified, as in a dictionary or glossary.20 In addition, according to Penny Ur, vocabulary can be defined, roughly, as the words we teach in foreign language.21
Based on the definition above, the writer can conclude that vocabulary is a list or stock or collection of words, terms, codes and phrases arranged and explained to make up the language used by a person class or profession.
2. The Kinds of Vocabulary
Vocabulary varies in four skills of language, listening, writing, reading and speaking. Generally, a student will absorb listening and speaking vocabulary before coming to the reading and writing vocabulary. But in real situation, the process may change, especially in foreign language teaching. Reading vocabulary may become the first stage before processing the speaking and listening vocabulary.
According to the basis of frequency, vocabulary can be divided into two kinds; namely high frequency vocabulary and low frequency vocabulary.22
a. High frequency vocabulary consists of words that are used very often in normal
language use in all four skills and across the full range of situation of use. It consists of most of the function words of English and the most of contents of words. High frequency vocabulary consists of 2000 words families, which about 87% of the running words in formal written text and more that 95% of the words in informal spoken text.
b. The low frequency vocabulary on the other hand, covers only small proportion of the
running words of a continuous text, it means that low frequency vocabulary is rarely
19
A.S. Hornsby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Revised and Updated, (Oxford University Press, 1987) P. 959
20
Merriam Webster, Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th edition, (Cleveland: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2002) P. 1600
21 Penny Ur, A Course in Language Teaching (Practice Theory), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) P. 60
22
Paul Nation., New Ways of Teaching Vocabulary (New York: Teacher of English to Speaker of Another Language / TESOL Inc, 1994), P. 3
(26)
used in common activity of English language. This group includes well over 100.000 word families.
Besides, Evelyn Hatch and Cherly Brown divide the vocabulary into:
a. Active Vocabulary is words which the students understand, can pronounce correctly and uses constructively in speaking and writing.
b. Passive Vocabulary is words that students recognize and understand when they occur in a context of reading or listening, but which he can not produce correctly himself.23
I. S. P. Nation distinguished vocabulary into increasing vocabulary and establishing vocabulary. Increasing vocabulary means introducing learners to new words and thus starting their learning. Establishing vocabulary means building on strengthening this initial knowledge, which is encouraging the knowledge of particular words to develop and expand.24
Meanwhile Djalinushah and Azimar Enong divided vocabulary into two, namely
general vocabularyandspecial vocabulary. General vocabulary is the words that are used in general. There is no limit of field and user. Special vocabulary is the words that are used in the certain field and job, profession of special science and technology.25
From the explanation above, we know that every experts in every book is different in classifying the kind of vocabulary, because every person has different way in showing and telling their opinions and ideas. Some of them who emphasize vocabulary to the items which the learners can use appropriately in speaking or writing and to the language items which the learners can use appropriately in speaking or writing and to the language items that can be recognize and understood in the context of reading and listening and some of them classify vocabulary that they have made are different, but the point is the same, because their classification are based on different sides and aspects.
3. Teaching Vocabulary 23
Evelyn Hatch and Cherryl Brown, Op Cit. P. 370 24
I.S.P. Nation, Teaching and Learning Vocabulary, (New York: Heinle & Heinle Publisher, 1990), P. 6 25
Djalinushah and Azimar Enong, Tata Bahasa Inggris Modern Dalam Tanya Jawab (Jakarta: CU, Miswar, 1980) P. 81
(27)
Because the importance of vocabulary, it needs a serious attention in learning vocabulary from both learners and teachers. It becomes a great challenging act for the teacher to teach vocabulary, what kind of methods they use, and what kind of vocabulary that they give or how many vocabularies that they should teach. There are some key principles of teaching vocabulary:26
1. Build a large sight of vocabulary
2. Integrated new words with previous words. 3. Provide a number of encounters with a word. 4. Promotes deep level of processing.
5. Facilitate imaging.
6. Make new word “real” by connecting them to the student’s word in some way. 7. Use variety techniques.
8. Encourage independent learning strategies.
As it has already mentioned at the beginning that there is no right or best way to teach English skill, it all depends on the type of the students, the school system and
curriculum, the word that are targeted and many other factors. The choice of vocabulary to teach is also limited to the learner’s need, experiences and interest.
4. Students’ Achievement in Vocabulary
The successfulness in learning process can be visible from the reached achievement. If the achievement has fulfilled the targets, which have been determines previously, it can be told that he is successful. On the contrary, if he hasn’t yet fulfilled the target, it means that he hasn’t yet success.
From time to time, students’ in schools try and practice English to get wider range of vocabulary. By having wider range of vocabulary in their mind, it can help them to communicate in English better.
Bachman defined the vocabulary ability includes both knowledge of language and the ability to put language in context. Thus, its three components are as follows:
1. The context of vocabulary use.
26
(28)
2. Vocabulary knowledge and fundamental process. 3. Metacognitive strategies for vocabulary use.27
In the correlation between vocabulary and reading, according to Robert Lado, a 2000-word vocabulary represented the opinion of these leaders as to the size of minimum vocabulary for reading. In fact, 2000 words seem to be the most commonly cited initial goal for learners. In addition, to allow basic comprehension this number of words is seen as providing a solid basis for moving into more advanced study.
Vocabulary refers to words students need to know to communicate effectively. Vocabulary takes two forms: oral vocabulary and reading vocabulary. When we speak or listen, oral vocabulary is used. Reading vocabulary are words we use or recognize in text. Vocabulary plays an important role in comprehension of print. A word that is not part of a student’s oral vocabulary causes difficulty in grasping the meaning of what the student is reading. The National Reading Panel (2000), after an extensive research review, indicated effective instruction allow for both incidental and planned instruction that includes a variety of methods for acquiring new vocabulary and extending the depth of vocabulary learned.
Vocabulary is important in learning to read. Students have to understand vocabulary to understand the academic content they encounter in school. Reading can be easier and a student can maintain the pace as the reading load increases if automaticity of a large group of words has been acquired early on in school. Recognizing words and phrases on sight improves reading fluency and comprehension.
When students read or study about a topic, students understand or relate to what is being studied if they understand the basic vocabulary. When this background knowledge is non-existent, then difficulty is encountered when information is read or heard. Evidence indicates that some students may have gained the background knowledge needed through exposure at home and other experiences.
D. Relation Of Vocabulary and Reading
Vocabulary is one of the problems confronted by English language learners. Because of the limited vocabulary, the learners cannot communicate to others clearly. Vocabulary plays an important part in learning to read. Vocabulary is one aspect in learning
27
(29)
foreign language. With a limited vocabulary anyone will also has a limited understanding in terms of reading, writing, speaking and listening. By having and mastering the vocabulary, student’s ability in reading increase too. As beginning readers, children use the words they have heard to make sense of the words they see in print. Reading involves much more than word recognition, the ability to recognize the sound and meaning of the printed symbol is basic to the reading process.
Vocabulary and reading can’t be separated, because both of them relate to each other. As the writer explain before, by having and mastering vocabulary we will know the meaning of vocabulary in the context. It can also help to avoid making mistake in understanding. Vocabulary is very important to reading comprehension. Readers can’t understand what they are reading without knowing what most of the words mean. As children learn to read more advanced texts, they must learn the meaning of new words that are not part of their oral vocabulary.
One reason why children find reading in some subject fields difficult because of their lack of vocabulary. Where as in fact of vocabulary is the most important thing in reading skill. Most of us if we find the difficult word, we still just continue our reading in the hope that the word we read is not really important or that it’s meaning will become clear later on. But sometimes these word that we passed usually as the key of our reading and understanding. We can not catch and grasp the idea from our reading as well as possible. So looking up the difficult words in dictionary is better for us.
E. The Hyphothesis of Study
A hypothesis is a statement about the relationship among variables in a study. Based on the description above, the writer’s hypothesis are:
A. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
There is a significance correlation between students’ achievement in vocabulary and their reading ability.
B. Null Hypothesis (Ho)
There is no significant correlation between students’ achievement in vocabulary and their reading ability.
(30)
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS
C. Research Methodology
9. The Purpose of Research
The first purpose of the research is to know whether there is any correlation in the achievement of students’ vocabulary and reading, and the second is to get empirical data about the correlation of students’ vocabulary achievement and reading ability at the second grade students’ of Islamic Junior High School (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) Al Khairiyah, Jakarta.
10.Operational Definitions of Variables
There are two kinds of variables in this research, the first variable is the students’ vocabulary achievement score which is taken by how many vocabularies that they know from the test given; it is considered as independent variable (variable X). The second variable is their reading ability score which is taken from their comprehension in reading with the texts; we considered it as dependent variable (variable Y).
The students’ vocabulary achievement and reading comprehension is resulted from the test of vocabulary that is carried out by English book for Junior High School Students’ The Bridge English Competence for SMP grade VIII, Yudhistira, Ringkasan Materi dan Bank Soal Bahasa Inggris untuk SMP/ MTs kelas VII, VIII dan IX, Yrama Widya and Seri Pendalaman Materi Bahasa Inggris SMP dan MTs, ESIS.
11.Place and time of Study
The research took place at Islamic Junior High School (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) Al Khairiyah, Jakarta located at Jl. Mampang Prapatan IV No. 71-74, Jakarta.
The research was carried out from December 13th up to December 20th 2008. after getting an agreement of the school principal and than consult to an English teacher who is teach at the second grade students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah.
(31)
12.Method of Study
In completing the data, the writer used two kinds of method, library research and field research. In library research, the writer read some books dealing with the study in order to find out the theoretical data that support the study.
In the field research, the writer conducted the research for the students at the second grade of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta academic year 2008/2009. The writer gave a test to the students and asked them to answer the question that she made refers to standard competency and indicator of KTSP 2006.
This research uses the correlation method, with the analysis of Product Moment according to Karl Pearson. It is usually used to correlate two variables based on its correlation coefficient value. It is useful to describe and find out the significance of the correlation between those two variables, variable X and variable Y.
13.The Technique of Sample Taking
The population of the study was the second year students’ of MTs Al Khairiyah, Jakarta. There are four classes of each grade with the population of the second year is about 168 students, the classes are 2nd A, 2nd B, 2nd C and 2nd D. From them, the writer just takes one class as the population and sample of experiment class. There are about 42 students’ as a sample from the class 2nd B but the writer only took 40 students’ and all of them were tasted as a sample through random sampling system.
14.The Technique of Data Collecting
In completing the data, the next step of this research is collecting the data; the function of data collecting is to determine the result of the research. In collecting data, the writer uses some techniques.
a. Observation
The first is by observing directly to the location where the research is carried out. The purpose is to ask the permission from the head master to do research in that place and to know whether the population and sample is available or not.
(32)
b. Testing
Since the writer wanted to investigate the correlation between two kinds of test, vocabulary and reading comprehension, so the writer uses test method. The test is divided into two parts; the first is vocabulary, which consists of 20 items and the second is reading comprehension, which also consists of 20 items.
Table 1
KISI-KISI DAN BUTIR SOAL TEST VOCABULARY BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS VIII
Standar Kompetensi
Kompetensi Dasar
Indikator Uraian Materi /
Tema
No. Soal
Kosa kata
Memahami makna dalam teks tulis fungsional dan essai pendek sederhana sesuai dengan tema Merespon makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek sederhana secara akurat lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingungan sekitar Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei pendek sederhana secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan recount Tanya jawab berbagai hal terkait tema/topic bacaan
Review kosa kata dan tata bahasa terkait jenis teks
Mengidentifikasi ciri kebahasaan teks fungsional pendek Mengembangkan kosakata, tata bahasa terkait topik
Friendship 9
10
17 18 19
(33)
Kosa kata
Memahami makna dalam teks tulis fungsional dan essai pendek sederhana sesuai dengan tema Merespon makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek sederhana secara akurat lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingungan sekitar Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei pendek sederhana secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan recount Tanya jawab berbagai hal terkait tema/topic bacaan
Review kosa kata dan tata bahasa terkait jenis teks Mengidentifikasi ciri kebahasaan teks fungsional pendek Mengembangkan kosakata, tata bahasa terkait topik
Travelling 11
12 13 14 15 16 20 Kosa kata Memahami makna dalam teks tulis fungsional dan essai pendek sederhana sesuai dengan tema Merespon makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek sederhana secara akurat lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingungan sekitar Tanya jawab berbagai hal terkait tema/topic bacaan
Review kosa kata dan tata bahasa terkait jenis teks Mengidentifikasi ciri kebahasaan teks fungsional pendek Mengembangkan kosakata, tata bahasa terkait topik
Health 1
(34)
Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei pendek sederhana secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan recount 3 4 5 6 7 8 Table 2
KISI-KISI DAN BUTIR SOAL TEST READING BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS VIII
Standar Kompetensi
Kompetensi Dasar
Indikator Uraian Materi /
Tema
No. Soal
Membaca 5. Memahami makna teks tulis fungsional dan esei pendek sederhana berbentuk descriptive dan recount yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar
Merespon makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek sederhana secara akurat lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingungan sekitar Merespon makna dan langkah Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Mengidentifikasi ciri kebahasaan teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Makna gagasan
Friendship 21
22 23
39 40
(35)
retorika dalam esei pendek sederhana secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan recount Makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive dan recount Langkah retorika teks descriptive dan recount Tujuan komunikatif teks descriptive dan recount Ciri kebahasaan teks descriptive dan recount Membaca 5. Memahami makna teks tulis fungsional dan esei pendek sederhana berbentuk descriptive dan recount yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar
Merespon makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek sederhana secara akurat lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingungan sekitar
Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei pendek sederhana secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Mengidentifikasi ciri kebahasaan teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Makna gagasan Makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive dan recount Langkah retorika teks descriptive dan recount
Travelling 34
35
36 37 38
(36)
dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan recount Tujuan komunikatif teks descriptive dan recount Ciri kebahasaan teks descriptive dan recount Membaca 5. Memahami makna teks tulis fungsional dan esei pendek sederhana berbentuk descriptive dan recount yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar
Merespon makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek sederhana secara akurat lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingungan sekitar
Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei pendek sederhana secara akurat, lancar dan berterima yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan sekitar dalam teks berbentuk descriptive dan recount Mengidentifikasi berbagai informasi dalam teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Mengidentifikasi fungsi sosial teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Mengidentifikasi ciri kebahasaan teks fungsional pendek berbentuk undangan Makna gagasan Makna tekstual dalam teks descriptive dan recount Langkah retorika teks descriptive dan recount Tujuan komunikatif teks descriptive dan recount Ciri kebahasaan teks descriptive dan recount
Health 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
(37)
15.The Research Instrument
The research instrument plays an important role to collect the data. The instrument used in this research is an objective test and the writer used an objective test, multiple-choice type. The tests can be scored objectively and can measure learning out come directly.
In this research, the test considered of 40 items which consists of 20 items in vocabulary with multiple choices type and 20 items in reading comprehension with multiple choices type. In multiple choices there are four alternatives include one correct answer and three wrong answers. There are six passages and from each passage the writer makes a question on reading comprehension including question of main idea, detail, not detail and inference. The test of vocabulary is not only based on the contents of the passage in the text book but also taken from another book which is correlated to their study and syllabus.
To avoid the invalid question from these tests, the writer takes all questions that have significant correlation with the students’ compulsory book, like The Bridge English Competence for SMP grade VIII, Yudhistira, Ringkasan Materi dan Bank Soal Bahasa Inggris untuk SMP/ MTs kelas VII, VIII dan IX, Yrama Widya and Seri Pendalaman Materi Bahasa Inggris SMP dan MTs, ESIS. So the questions of the test calculated are relevant to the objective of the course.
16.Technique of Data Analysis
To find out the influence of the students’ achievement in vocabulary to their reading comprehension ability, the writer uses a Person Product Moment Correlations. The correlation technique is an analysis technique to evaluate hypothesis concerning correlation between two variables that are examined statistically.
In the correlation technique, the variables are compared to know whether the correlation is very significant or it only happen by chance. The formula of Product Moment Correlation is28:
r
xy = N ( XY ) – ( X ) . ( Y ) [ N X² - ( X )² ] . [ N Y² - ( Y )² ]28
(38)
r
xy : The number of index correlation ‘r’ product mean N : The number of respondentXY : The sum of multiplication between deviation of variable X scores and deviation of variable Y scores
X : The sum of X score Y : The sum of Y score
X² : The sum of squares of vocabulary scores Y² : The sum of squares of reading scores
D. Research Finding
1. The Description of Data
As it has been mentioned in chapter one, the writer conducted both library research and field research. He held field research by taking the scores of 40 students randomly and analyzed those scores in order to find out whether there is any correlation of students’ vocabulary mastery and their reading comprehension ability by using the Pearson r formula. So, in total there are 40 scores because the samples had 2 set of scores.
The first score is vocabulary that consists of 20 items and the second one is reading comprehension that also consists of 20 items, the scoring is 5 for each correct answer and 0 for the wrong answer. The data of vocabulary and reading test score result can be seen in the following tables.
(39)
Table 3
Score of Students’ Vocabulary Tests
NO. Name X
1 Ade Agus Maulidi 85
2 Ahmad Baihaqi 65
3 Ahmad Reza Sidqi 75
4 Ahmad Yamani 70
5 Akhmad Dzuhri 85
6 Alfi Syahri 80
7 Andhita Rachmawati 70
8 Chairiyah 65
9 Dimas Rizky Fauzan 90
10 Dina Atra Sina 75
11 Dwi Merdekasari 60
12 Dyta Medina 70
13 Fachrul Rozi 70
14 Fitri Febriani 65
15 Ida Faridah 65
16 Jeffry Irwansyah 85
17 Khoirun Nisa Halfa 60
18 Lukman Hakim 80
19 Maisaroh 70
20 Mishfa Afifa 70
(40)
22 Muhammad Sahrudin 85
23 Naila Qonita 90
24 Noerdiana 65
25 Nur Ani Kurniyati 60
26 Nur Aziziah 80
27 Nur Cholis 85
28 Nurul Avivah 65
29 Nurul Jannah 70
30 Panca Prasetyo 65
31 Rian Saputra 65
32 Rieke Ardiana Saputri 75
33 Rizky Reza Afriyanto 85
34 Sumaya 65
35 Trisna Surya Ekatama 90
36 Yuliana Putri 75
37 Zairinah 70
38 Zaki Firmansyah 60
39 Zakiah 60
40 Zulkifli 85
(41)
Table 4
Score of Students’ Vocabulary Test From the High Score to the Low Score
NO. Name X
9 Chairiyah 90
23 Muhammad Sahrudin 90
35 Sumaya 90
1 A. Ferdi 85
5 Ahmad Yamani 85
16 Ida Faridah 85
22 Muhammad Rio 85
27 Nur Aziziah 85
33 Rieke Ardiana Saputri 85
40 Zulkifli 85
6 Akhmad Dzuhri 80
18 Khoirun Nisa Halfa 80
21 Mishfa Afifa 80
26 Nur Ani Kurniyati 80
3 Ahmad Baihaqi 75
10 Dimas Rizky Fauzan 75
32 Rian Saputra 75
36 Trisna Surya Ekatama 75
4 Ahmad Reza Sidqi 70
7 Alfi Syahri 70
12 Dwi Merdekasari 70
13 Dyta Medina 70
19 Lukman Hakim 70
20 Maisaroh 70
29 Nurul Avivah 70
37 Yuliana Putri 70
2 Ade Agus Maulidi 65
(42)
14 Fachrul Rozi 65
15 Fitri Febriani 65
24 Naila Qonita 65
28 Nur Cholis 65
30 Nurul Jannah 65
31 Panca Prasetyo 65
34 Rizky Reza Afriyanto 65
11 Dina Atra Sina 60
17 Jeffry Irwansyah 60
25 Noerdiana 60
38 Zairinah 60
39 Zaki Firmansyah 60
Total Score 2930
N=40 Mean X 73,25
Table 5
Score of Students’ Reading Tests
NO. Name Y
(43)
2 Ahmad Baihaqi 70
3 Ahmad Reza Sidqi 75
4 Ahmad Yamani 80
5 Akhmad Dzuhri 85
6 Alfi Syahri 80
7 Andhita Rachmawati 65
8 Chairiyah 70
9 Dimas Rizky Fauzan 85
10 Dina Atra Sina 75
11 Dwi Merdekasari 60
12 Dyta Medina 70
13 Fachrul Rozi 75
14 Fitri Febriani 70
15 Ida Faridah 60
16 Jeffry Irwansyah 75
17 Khoirun Nisa Halfa 70
18 Lukman Hakim 75
19 Maisaroh 70
20 Mishfa Afifa 65
21 Muhammad Rio 75
22 Muhammad Sahrudin 80
23 Naila Qonita 85
24 Noerdiana 70
25 Nur Ani Kurniyati 65
26 Nur Aziziah 75
27 Nur Cholis 80
28 Nurul Avivah 70
29 Nurul Jannah 70
30 Panca Prasetyo 75
31 Rian Saputra 80
32 Rieke Ardiana Saputri 70
33 Rizky Reza Afriyanto 80
(44)
35 Trisna Surya Ekatama 90
36 Yuliana Putri 80
37 Zairinah 70
38 Zaki Firmansyah 65
39 Zakiah 70
40 Zulkifli 75
N = 40 Y =2945
Table 6
Score of Students’ Reading Test from the High Score to the Low Score
NO. Name Y
35 Sumaya 90
5 Ahmad Yamani 85
9 Chairiyah 85
23 Muhammad Sahrudin 85
4 Ahmad Reza Sidqi 80
(45)
22 Muhammad Rio 80
27 Nur Aziziah 80
31 Panca Prasetyo 80
33 Rieke Ardiana Saputri 80
36 Trisna Surya Ekatama 80
1 A. Ferdi 75
3 Ahmad Baihaqi 75
10 Dimas Rizky Fauzan 75
13 Dyta Medina 75
16 Ida Faridah 75
18 Khoirun Nisa Halfa 75
21 Mishfa Afifa 75
26 Nur Ani Kurniyati 75
30 Nurul Jannah 75
40 Zulkifli 75
2 Ade Agus Maulidi 70
8 Andhita Rachmawati 70
12 Dwi Merdekasari 70
14 Fachrul Rozi 70
17 Jeffry Irwansyah 70
19 Lukman Hakim 70
24 Naila Qonita 70
28 Nur Cholis 70
29 Nurul Avivah 70
32 Rian Saputra 70
34 Rizky Reza Afriyanto 70
37 Yuliana Putri 70
39 Zaki Firmansyah 70
7 Alfi Syahri 65
20 Maisaroh 65
25 Noerdiana 65
38 Zairinah 65
(46)
15 Fitri Febriani 60
Total 2945
Mean Y 73,625
Table 7
Score of Students’ Vocabulary and Reading Tests
NO. Name X Y
1 Ade Agus Maulidi 85 75
2 Ahmad Baihaqi 65 70
3 Ahmad Reza Sidqi 75 75
4 Ahmad Yamani 70 80
5 Akhmad Dzuhri 85 85
6 Alfi Syahri 80 80
7 Andhita Rachmawati 70 65
8 Chairiyah 65 70
9 Dimas Rizky Fauzan 90 85
10 Dina Atra Sina 75 75
11 Dwi Merdekasari 60 60
(47)
13 Fachrul Rozi 70 75
14 Fitri Febriani 65 70
15 Ida Faridah 65 60
16 Jeffry Irwansyah 85 75
17 Khoirun Nisa Halfa 60 70
18 Lukman Hakim 80 75
19 Maisaroh 70 70
20 Mishfa Afifa 70 65
21 Muhammad Rio 80 75
22 Muhammad Sahrudin 85 80
23 Naila Qonita 90 85
24 Noerdiana 65 70
25 Nur Ani Kurniyati 60 65
26 Nur Aziziah 80 75
27 Nur Cholis 85 80
28 Nurul Avivah 65 70
29 Nurul Jannah 70 70
30 Panca Prasetyo 65 75
31 Rian Saputra 65 80
32 Rieke Ardiana Saputri 75 70
33 Rizky Reza Afriyanto 85 80
34 Sumaya 65 70
35 Trisna Surya Ekatama 90 90
36 Yuliana Putri 75 80
37 Zairinah 70 70
38 Zaki Firmansyah 60 65
39 Zakiah 60 70
40 Zulkifli 85 75
Total 2930 2945
N=40 73,25 73,63
Based on the table above, the writer makes the calculation as follow:
(48)
Mx = X = 2930 = 73. 25 N 40
b. Determining Mean II (Reading ability) with formula:
My = Y = 2945 = 73. 63 N 40
c. Interval Data
From the table above, the data from the score test are:
Table 8 Table 9
Frequency of Vocabulary Frequency of Reading X frequency Y Frequency
90 3 90 1
85 7 85 3
80 4 80 7
75 4 75 10
70 8 70 13
65 9 65 4
60 5 60 2
Total N=40 Total 40 = N
Interval Data:
Table 10 Vocabulary:
interval frequency (f) X X² fX fX²
90-94 3 93 8649 279 25947
85-89 7 87 7569 609 52983
80-84 4 83 6889 332 27556
75-79 4 77 5929 308 23716
70-74 8 73 5329 584 42632
65-69 9 67 4489 603 40401
60-64 5 63 3969 315 19845
(49)
Table 11 Reading:
interval frequency (f) X X² fX fX²
90-94 1 93 8649 93 8649
85-89 3 87 7569 261 22707
80-84 7 83 6889 581 48223
75-79 10 77 5929 770 59290
70-74 13 73 5329 949 69277
65-69 4 67 4489 268 17956
60-64 2 63 3969 126 7938
total N=40 FX= 3048 FX²=234040
d. Modus from the data:
Modus for vocabulary test is 65
Modus for Reading test is 70
e. Median of the data
Median for vocabulary test is = (70+70): 2 = 70
Median for Reading test is = (75+75): 2 = 75
f. Class Interval
1. Interval 60-64 the class interval is: 5 (this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 60-64 is: (60+64) : 2 = 124 : 2 = 62
2. Interval 65-69 the class interval is: 5 (this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 65-69 is: (65+69) : 2 = 134 : 2 = 67
3. Interval 70-74 the class interval is: 5 (this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 70-74 is: (70+74) : 2 = 144: 2 = 72
(50)
4. Interval 75-79 the class interval is: 5(this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 75-79 is: (75+79) : 2 = 154: 2 = 77
5. Interval 80-84 the class interval is: 5(this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 80-84 is: (80+84) : 2 = 164 : 2 = 82
6. Interval 85-89 the class interval is: 5 (this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 85-89 is: (85+89) : 2 = 174 : 2 = 87
7. Interval 90-94 the class interval is: 5 (this is sufficient score). Midpoint from interval 90-94 is: (90+94) : 2 = 184 :2 = 92
2. The Analysis of Data
Having finished the field research by using vocabulary test and reading comprehension test, the writer uses statistic calculation of the Pearson Product Moment Formula to analyze the data from the result of vocabulary test and reading comprehension test. The following table shows the calculation result based on the theory.
(51)
Table 12
The Result of Students’ Achievement in Vocabulary and Reading Ability By Pearson Product Moment Table
NO. X Y XY X² Y²
1 85 75 6375 7225 5625
2 65 70 4550 4225 4900
3 75 75 5625 5625 5625
4 70 80 5600 4900 6400
5 85 85 7225 7225 7225
6 80 80 6400 6400 6400
7 70 65 4550 4900 4225
8 65 70 4550 4225 4900
9 90 85 7650 8100 7225
10 75 75 5625 5625 5625
11 60 60 3600 3600 3600
12 70 70 4900 4900 4900
13 70 75 5250 4900 5625
14 65 70 4550 4225 4900
15 65 60 3900 4225 3600
16 85 75 6375 7225 5625
17 60 70 4200 3600 4900
18 80 75 6000 6400 5625
19 70 70 4900 4900 4900
20 70 65 4550 4900 4225
21 80 75 6000 6400 5625
22 85 80 6800 7225 6400
23 90 85 7650 8100 7225
24 65 70 4550 4225 4900
25 60 65 3900 3600 4225
26 80 75 6000 6400 5625
27 85 80 6800 7225 6400
(52)
29 70 70 4900 4900 4900
30 65 75 4875 4225 5625
31 65 80 5200 4225 6400
32 75 70 5250 5625 4900
33 85 80 6800 7225 6400
34 65 70 4550 4225 4900
35 90 90 8100 8100 8100
36 75 80 6000 5625 6400
37 70 70 4900 4900 4900
38 60 65 3900 3600 4225
39 60 70 4200 3600 4900
40 85 75 6375 7225 5625
N=40 X =2930 Y=2945 XY=217675 X²=218200 Y²=218625
Based on data above, we can apply those data into this formula:
r
xy = N ( XY ) – ( X ) . ( Y ) [ N X² - ( X )² ] . [ N Y² - ( Y )² ]= 40 (217675) – (2930) . (2945)
[40.218200 – (2930)²] . [40.218625 - (2945)²]
= 8707000 - 8628850
[8728000 – 8584900] . [8745000 - 8673025]
= 78150
[143100] . [71975]
= 78150
102996225
= 78150 101,487
(53)
r
xy = 0. 770To know the correlation them in 5 % and 1 % significance, the writer used “r” table with df formula.
df = N – nr
df : degrees of freedom
N : total number of respondents
nr : numbers of variable (x and y)
df = N – nr df = 40 – 2 = 38 (“r” value consultation table)
df = 38, so it used the nearest df that 40
At the degree of significance of 5% = 0. 304
At the degree of significance of 1% = 0. 393
5 % =
r
o :r
t = 0.770 > 0.304 1 % =r
o :r
t = 0.770 > 0.393Based on the data collected from the vocabulary test and reading test showed the mean scores of vocabulary test were 73.25. While the mean scores of reading test was 73.63.
From the explanation about the analysis of the result on the table 3 above, we can see that the correlation of students’ achievement (variable X) and reading ability (variable Y) is significant. It can be seen on the table above that almost all the students who get high score in vocabulary test also get high score in reading test. This is also showed by the point of the
r
xy(r
o) that is higher than the
r
table(
r
t).
3. Test of Hypothesis
The writer has mentioned the hypothesis before from the hypothesis; there are some criteria of test hypothesis:
(54)
If ro > rt The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and Null Hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. It means there is correlation between students’ achievement in vocabulary and reading ability.
If ro < rt The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is rejected and Null Hypothesis (Ho) is accepted. It means there is correlation between students’ achievement in vocabulary and reading ability.
According to the table significance, it can be seen that df 38 is closer to r table df 40, so the writer took the r table df 40, we get point 0.304 on r table for the 5% significance degree and point 0,393 on 1% significance degree. So it means point 0.770 on
ro
is high than r table (0.770 > 0.304 and 0.770 > 0.393), from that result, we can conclude that null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted.Finally, the writer concludes that there is significant correlation of students’ achievement in vocabulary and reading comprehension ability.
The level of influence is as follows:
Table 13
The “r” Product Moment Table
Product Moment (r) Interpretation
0,00 – 0.20 0.20 – 0.40 0.40 – 0. 70 0.70 – 0.90 0.90 – 1.00
Very low (considered no correlation) Low ( low correlation)
Moderate (medium correlation) High (strong correlation) Very high (Perfect correlation)
Based on the result of statistics calculation above, the correlation between the two variables X and Y is positive, it is 0.77. In another word, the correlation of students’ achievement in vocabulary and their reading ability is considered high (strong correlation) as seen in the table above.
(55)
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on data on the previous chapter, the writer can draw a conclusion that there is significant correlation of students’ achievement in vocabulary and reading comprehension
ability. It can be seen from the result between the two variables X and Y (
r
xy) (page 46). From the test result, the writer concludes that students’ score in vocabulary test and reading test connected each other. Student’s with a limited vocabulary will also has a limited understanding in terms of reading when answers the tests. But students’ with has good achievement in vocabulary will also has easy understanding in terms of reading when answer the tests.The result of the analysis of the research shows the value of
r
xy is higher (0.770) than the value ofr
table (0.393).The writer also concludes based on the data collected from the vocabulary test and reading test showed the mean scores of vocabulary test were 73.25. While the mean scores of reading test was 73.63. Modus for vocabulary test is 65 and modus for Reading test is 70. Median for vocabulary test is 70 and median for Reading test is 75. The high score from vocabulary and reading test were 90 and the low score were 60.
It means the students’ vocabulary achievement and their reading ability influenced each other. It also shows that the experiment of this study is proven. However this finding needs further research.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion that has been made by the writer, it is suggested that it be good and used as a consideration in teaching learning English in reading comprehension and also specially in vocabulary are:
(56)
1. English teacher is a motivator and stimulator. The teacher should support the students’ expectation about reading and their interest to increase their reading comprehension.
2. English teacher should creative to use various techniques and media in teaching learning process is an obligator to improve students’ vocabulary.
3. English teacher should know and able to implement a good method in teaching reading, because it is quite complicated to learn.
4. English teacher should encourage the students to have and use dictionary as a tool to help them with difficult words.
5. The teacher should also give a high motivation to the students to read more and more English literature to increase their vocabulary level.
6. Reading text, short story and English literature should be available in school library to give the opportunity to the students to read or choose many kinds of reading text.
7. The students’ should learning every language skills or components in language learning.
(57)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carter, Ronald and Michael McCharty., Vocabulary and Language Teaching, London: Longman, 1988
Crstal, David., the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1995
Depdiknas., RPP Bahasa Inggris kelas VIII KTSP (KurikulumTingkat Satuan Pendidikan), Jakarta, 2006
D.E., F. Dubin, Eskey and W. Grabbe., Teaching Second Language Reading for Academic
Purposes California: Edison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1986
Djalinushah and Azimar Enong., Tata Bahasa Inggris Modern Dalam Tanya Jawab. Jakarta: CU, Miswar, 1980
Grellet, Francoise., Developing Reading Skills, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982
Guntur Tarigan, Hanry., Pengajaran Kosakata. Bandung: Angkasa, 1986
Harmer, Jeremy., How to Teach English, England: Person, Longman Group, 2007
Hatch, Evelyn and Cheryl Brown., Vocabulary, Semantics and Language Education. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995
(58)
Kistono, Ismukoco, Esti, Albert., The Bridge English Competence, for SMP Grade VIII, Yudhistira, 2007
Longman., Dictionary of Contemporary English, Second edition Harlow: Longman Group, 1987Hornsby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English,
Revised and Updated, Oxford University Press, 1987
Madox, Harry., How to Study. Greenwich: Faweet Premier, 1963
Nation,Paul., New Ways of Teaching Vocabulary, New York: Teacher of English to Speaker of another Language / TESOL Inc, 1994
Nation, I.S.P., Teaching and Learning Vocabulary, New York: Heinle & Heinle Publisher, 1990
N. Tini, Rinawati, Ana Mulia., Seri Pendalaman Materi Bahasa Inggris SMP dan MTs, ESIS, Erlangga 2008
R. Hill, Walter., Secondary School Reading: Process, Program, Procedure, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979
Schmitt, Nobert., Vocabulary in Language Teaching New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Silberstein, Sandra., Techniques and Resources in Teaching Reading, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994
Sudjono, Anas., Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta 1996
Tambunan, Wilman,, Drs., Evaluation of students’ achievement, Jakarta: Depdiknas, 1988
T. Petty, Walter and Julien M. Jesen., Developing Children’s Language. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc, 1980
Thornbury, Scott., How to Teach Vocabulary, England Pearson education limited 2002
Ur, Penny., A Course in Language Teaching (Practice Theory), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996
(59)
Webster, Meriam., Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield: Merriam Web Inc. 2003
Webster, Meriam., Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th edition, Cleveland: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2002
Yuke Hilma Ambarini, Rd., Ringkasan dan Bank Soal Bahasa Inggris untuk SMP/MTs, Yrama Yudha, 2005
http://esl.fis.edu/parents/advice/read.htm
http://www.ldoceonline.com/ longmandictionary/vocabulary
http://www.mentoringminds.com/vocabulary-products.php
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vocabulary
http://www.reading.ccsu.edu/TLL-G/Vol5No1FA06/MelissaAbate.html
http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/passive-vocabulary
!
"
#!# # $ % &
(60)
!
"
# $ "
!
% & ' ()))! *
+,,-• % &
) % & . ! %)%
• $
% ) % & .
%&! * /
• '
#
• 0
• #
1,
1-
12
1
# $ "
" •
% & ' ()))! *
+,,-• % &
) % & . ! %)%
• $
% ) % & .
%&!
11
(61)
!
"
!
* /
• '
#
• 0
• #
13
14
15
16
+,
#
7 •
% & ' ()))! *
+,,-• % &
(62)
!
"
$ "
!
) % & . ! %)%
• $
% ) % & .
%&! * /
• '
#
• 0
• #
+
3
4
5
6
-
(1)
26 Nur Aziziah 80 75
27 Nur Cholis 85 80
28 Nurul Avivah 65 70
29 Nurul Jannah 70 70
30 Panca Prasetyo 65 75
31 Rian Saputra 65 80
32 Rieke Ardiana Saputri 75 70
33 Rizky Reza Afriyanto 85 80
34 Sumaya 65 70
35 Trisna Surya Ekatama 90 90
36 Yuliana Putri 75 80
37 Zairinah 70 70
38 Zaki Firmansyah 60 65
39 Zakiah 60 70
(2)
The Result of Students’ Achievement in Vocabulary and Reading Ability By Product Moment Table
NO. X Y XY X² Y²
1 85 75 6375 7225 5625
2 65 70 4550 4225 4900
3 75 75 5625 5625 5625
4 70 80 5600 4900 6400
5 85 85 7225 7225 7225
6 80 80 6400 6400 6400
7 70 65 4550 4900 4225
8 65 70 4550 4225 4900
9 90 85 7650 8100 7225
10 75 75 5625 5625 5625
11 60 60 3600 3600 3600
12 70 70 4900 4900 4900
13 70 75 5250 4900 5625
14 65 70 4550 4225 4900
15 65 60 3900 4225 3600
16 85 75 6375 7225 5625
17 60 70 4200 3600 4900
18 80 75 6000 6400 5625
19 70 70 4900 4900 4900
(3)
21 80 75 6000 6400 5625
22 85 80 6800 7225 6400
23 90 85 7650 8100 7225
24 65 70 4550 4225 4900
25 60 65 3900 3600 4225
26 80 75 6000 6400 5625
27 85 80 6800 7225 6400
28 65 70 4550 4225 4900
29 70 70 4900 4900 4900
30 65 75 4875 4225 5625
31 65 80 5200 4225 6400
32 75 70 5250 5625 4900
33 85 80 6800 7225 6400
34 65 70 4550 4225 4900
35 90 90 8100 8100 8100
36 75 80 6000 5625 6400
37 70 70 4900 4900 4900
38 60 65 3900 3600 4225
39 60 70 4200 3600 4900
40 85 75 6375 7225 5625
N=40 X =2930 Y=2945 XY=217675 X²=218200 Y²=218625
' ( ( )
% * + , - * , & , * ,
9 1 +2
9 " !
" ) H % I! H% % I
(4)
) ! 9
" ! " ) ! !
) : : 9 )
:
& ! % A !
9 9 J ! 1 ! 1 62
7 9 !
; $
F
1 & "
$ ) 1 45
+ 9
3 )
! 32 ! 5
5,, : 9
% ( . & + , - * , & , * ,
9 ! F 1 ! +
) ++
H I 9 :! +
(5)
: ! J%)% ! 8 ! !
K % ! !
16 H < I )
:! + ! + "
: ! : ! ! K % !
!
) ! "
! 4, % ! 6 L 4,
1 L 4, " )
: !
: )
9 !
C8 & D ) : "
" ! :
C8 & D
" " "
(6)