In Identifying Processes the participant roles are token and value. Barry Tuckwell
may be the finest living horn player.
Token Identifying
Value Relational Processes can be further sub-classified according to whether they are:
intensive, possessive or circumstantial. Intensive
Possessive Circumstantial
Circumstance as Attribute Circumstance as Process
Paul Keating is arrogant. Paul Keating has dark hair.
The yolk is in the centre. Albumen surrounds the yolk.
Listed here are some of the more common Relational Process: Atributive
Identifying Be
become go
Get turn
grow Keep stay
remain Look appear
seem Smell taste
feel Sound end up
turn out Last
weigh concern
Cost has belong to
Need require be
become equal
add up to play
act as call
mean define
represent spell
express form
give constitute
imply stand for
symbolise realise
indicate signify
betoken take up
span resemble
occupy own
include involve
contain comprise
provide cause
Gerot Wignell, 2001 : 71.
f. Existential processes
Existential process represents that something exists or happens. Existential clauses typically have the verb be. The entity or event which is being said to exist is
labelled, simply, Existent. In principle, there can ‘exist’ any kind of phenomenon that can be construed as a ‘thing’: person, object, institution, abstraction; but also any
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action or event, as in is there going to be a storm?, there was another robbery in the street Halliday Matthiessen, 2004 : 258
There’ s
a unicorn in the garden.
Existential Existent
Circumstance:place “There” has no represential function; it is required because of the need for a
Subject in English. Existential processes are expressed by verbs of existing: ‘be’, ‘exist’, ‘arise’ and the Existent can be a phenomenon of any kind.
There ensued a protracted legal battle
Existential Existent
Existential ‘there’ is not to be confused with Circumstantial ‘there’: There
’s your book right where you left it
Attrib:Circ Attributive
Carrier There
’s even a book
about great Australian dunnies Existential
Existent Circumstance:matter
‘There’ ‘There’s your book’ tells where the book is. ‘There’ in ‘There’s even a book about great Australian dunnies’ is telling yout hat such a book exists.
Examples of verbs serving as Process in existential clauses
Type Verbs
Neutral Exist
exist, remain Happen
arise; occur, come about, happen, take place
+ circumstantial feature Time
follow, ensue Place
sit, stand, lie; hang, rise, stretch, emerge, grow
Abstract erupt, flourish, prevail
Halliday Matthiessen, 2004 : 258
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2.1.2.2 Circumstances
The circumstantial category answers such questions as when, where, why, how, how many and as what. They represent meaning about :
Time temporal
: tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long? For example
: He goes to church every Sunday.
Place spatial
: tells where and is probed by where? How far? For example
: He goes to church every Sunday.
Manner : tells how
-Means : tells by what means and is probed by what with?
For example : He goes by taxi.
-Quality : tells how and is probed by how?
For example : He loved her madly, deeply, truly
-Comparison : tells like what and is probed by what like?
For example : He was jumping arounf like a monkey on a roof.
Cause : tells why
-Reason : tells what causes the Process and is probed by why? Or how?
For example : The sheeps died of thirst.
-Purpose : tells the purpose and is probed by what for?
For example : He went to the shop for cigarettes.
-Behalf : tells for whose sake and is probed by for whom?
For example : He went to the shop for his mother.
Accompaniment : tells without who or what and is probed by who or what
else? For example
: I left work without my briefcase.
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Matter
: tells about what or with reference to what and is probed by what about?
For example : This book is talking about functional grammar.
Role
: tells what as and is probed by as what? For example
: He lived a quiet life as a beekeeper.
2.2 Model of Genre by J. R. Martin
