6. Reactions
Through the person’s reaction to various situation and event, the author can also give us a clue to know the person’s characteristics.
7. Direct Comment
The author can describe or comment on the person’s characteristic directly. 8.
Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what person is thinking about. In
this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking.
9. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerism and habits, which may also tell
us something about his character.
3. Theory of Conflict
Conflict happens in our life, whether it is unpleasant thing but it can bring a positive or negative effect and can change our point of view of something. Sometimes
people do not realize the meaning of conflicts itself and sometime event tries to avoid a conflict so they do not trap in the situation which the conflict exist. Meredith and
Fitzgerald define that conflict is something which is unpleasant, which has happened or to be experienced by the character, if the character has free choice to choose, he
will not choose it 1972: 27. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Sometimes, people do not realize that conflict can bring a positive effect, and then people usually avoid confronting conflict. Beaty and Hunter 1989: 778, in their
book, say that most people try hard to avoid conflict. People prefer living without complication. Nevertheless, no one escapes conflict for long, even without war or
large-scale disagreement. If people are given a choices between livings without problems or living with problems, they will choose living without problems. But as
human being, we should realize that in daily live, man must face some problems willingly.
According to James W. Vander Zanden in his book, Social psychology, conflict is a form of interaction in which people individually or in group perceive
themselves as being involved in a struggle over resource or social values. People in conflict find themselves at odds. They feel separated by incompatible objectives.
They see one another as competitors or threats, and thus their interaction is antagonistic. 1984: 314.
Conflicts are not always restricted to two parties. At times, three or more individuals have an interest in a competitive outcome. By forming an alliance with
one or more others, people can combine their resources in order to advance their own individual interest. However, as sociologist have long recognized, situations
involving three or more persons are quite different from those involving two people Zanden, 1984: 314.
In a novel, Holman and Harmon point out that conflict plays an important role, conflict is the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces
in a plot. It provides interests, suspense and tension 1986: 107. In other words, a conflict is the basis of all fiction; the structure of any given piece of fiction is
determined by the way in which the conflict is developed Brooks, 1952: 27. A conflict could create the tension and also the plot to be more interesting. The story
could be more complex and interesting, when the authors could develop the conflict. Most authors write a story based on conflicts. Holman and Harmon state
clearly about conflict, conflict can be a struggle against another person, a struggle against society, a struggle for mastery by two elements within the person 1986: 107.
Here, Holman and Harmon want to say that conflict is caused by two different forces. It could be within person or between two persons. It is clearer as I put the statement
from Redman 1964: 363, which divide conflict into two, “Inner or internal conflict and external conflict. The inner or internal conflict means a struggle within the heart
and minds of protagonist, while the external conflict means a struggle between the protagonist and an outside force.”
In this novel, Paton presents conflicts that are faced by Stephen Kumalo in order wants to show the author criticism toward the South African society in his time.
In the novel, Paton presents Stephen as a priest who is struggling with himself and with the society around him. Stephen has conflicts dealing with the circumstances
around him because he has to make some decision whether it is good or bad. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4 . The Relation between Literature and Society
There are many opinions about society in life between analyst. However, the general view of society refers to the human relationship. Rose 1977: 87-89, in the
study of society says that the basic fact of human behaviors is oriented in so many things in the world. Not only do men live together and share common opinions,
values, beliefs and customs, they also continually, interact, responding to one another. According to Staub 1978: 5, there is very strong relationship between
values, beliefs and personal goal and behavior in the society. The primary focus of a person in an action. A person is helped by action not by beliefs that one ought to act.
Values and empathy are important as motivation of social action. From Rose’s and Staub’s statements, I can conclude that society is the
interaction between people. People live together and they also interact each other. They share their beliefs, opinions, values and customs in their interactions. They do
their activities in society based on their personal goals, beliefs, and values. Literature is a social institution and traditional literary device, it may
symbolize society. In a literary work, there are convention and norms, which could have arisen only in society. Further, literature represents life and life itself is a social
reality, though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been object of literary intuition. Thus, the topic which is raised in literary
study is the problems in the society Wellek and Waren, 1956: 94. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
