Theory of Motivation Theoretical Review

16 need of this level may resort to murder to meet fundamental, life sustaining need, despite what society might think. When a person lacks of food, self-esteem, and love, he is going to demand food first. He will ignore the other needs until the need of food is satisfied. The safety needs are the needs for stability, order and protection. An insecure person behaves as if a great tragedy is almost always impending. This person has an over need for order and stability, and tries hard to avoid the strange and the unexpected. In short, people need to feel secure, safe and out of danger. People are going to realize that higher needs become unimportant when their life is endangered. The next needs are the belonging and love needs. Love, according to Maslow, involves a healthy, loving relationship between two people which includes mutual trust Goble 41. We satisfy our love needs by establishing an intimate, caring relationship with another person, or people in general, and in these relationships it is just as important to give love as to receive it. In the proper relationship, there are lack of fear and dropping of defenses. The absence of love stifles growth and the development of potential. To defeat love needs is considered as a prime cause of maladjustment. Love hunger is a deficiency disease. Love involves research hunger for affectionate relationship with others and it requires both the receiving and giving of love itself, love from another and someone to love. According to Maslow, belonging and love needs are difficult to be satisfied in this modern world in which people move a lot. We no longer stay permanently in one place. We change houses, 17 neighborhood, cities, countries, or even spouses. We are not long enough in one place to develop a sense of belonging. The esteem needs have two categories, they are self-esteem and respect from other people. Self-esteem comprises such needs as desires for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. Those characteristics, if we lack of them, we feel inferior, weak and helpless in facing life. Respect encloses such concepts as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. Very often we think well ourselves if we are sure that others think well of us. The self-actualization needs are described as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. These needs are the identification of the psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential. Self-actualizing people express their emotions in open and direct ways. They are also committed to their work. According to Maslow, if this sense of devotion and dedication is absent, it is impossible for someone to become self-actualizing. These needs also appear after reasonable satisfaction of love and esteem needs Goble 42.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

The theories that the writer had explained were to support the analysis of the study. In this part, the writer mentioned what theories are applied and why the writer used those theories. First was the theory of critical approach which was important to 18 know what approach was the most relevant to analyze the study. It turned out that the psychological approach was the most relevant one because this study discussed human motivation, personality, and behavior patterns written in literary objects. Moreover, this approach believed that characters’ thought, personality, and behavior might reflect their psychological order. Second was the theory of character and characterization. These theories were used to help the writer describe what kind of person was the narrator in the novel. According to the theory, a character could be described through several ways. These theories were important in answering the first and second questions formulated in problem formulation. Third was the theory of motivation. This theory was employed in order to reveal the motivation of the narrator in the novel in bringing back his wife. It was believed that there was a hierarchy of needs that motivate people to do something. This theory was important to answer the third question of the problem formulation. 19

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three parts namely, subject matter, approach, and procedure. In subject matter, the writer discusses the novel The Zahir, as the focus of the study. In the approach, the writer mentions the approaches for analyzing the novel. In procedure, the writer mentions the steps in writing this thesis and inserts some sources that help me in analyzing the study.

3.1 Subject Matter

The subject of the study is Paulo Coelho’s novel entitled The Zahir. The novel was first launched in Brazil on April 2005 and on the following months internationally . According to a source from the internet written by Margaret Jull Cost, forty different publishers signed contracts for rights at the Frankfurt Book Fair 2004 to Coelhos new novel, The Zahir. It was originally written in Portuguese and translated into 44 different languages. It is two hundred and ninety eight pages long and divided into four parts “The Zahir”. Based on the novel, the title, The Zahir, comes from a tale by Jorge Louis Borges. He is one of Coelho’s most admired authors, published in his book The Aleph 1949. According to Borges, the idea of The Zahir comes from the Islamic tradition, with an estimate origin in the 18 th century. In Arabic, Zahir means visible, present, and unable to go unnoticed. In other words, it is something or somebody that starts becoming a central attention of someone’s life and ends up being the only thing PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI