7. Chaff, amount of chaff is a byproduct of rice milling process in the form of
grain leather kg. Based on explanation above, variables both of output and of input described
below: 1.
The output 1 is amount of rice kg. 2.
The output 2 is amount of broken rice kg 3.
The output 3 is amount of rice bran kg 4.
The output 4 is amount of chaff kg 5.
The input 1 is amount of grain kg. 6.
The input 2 is number of working hour hour. 7.
The input 3 is amount of fuel liter. The amount of output and input variable used depicted in Appendix 2. In
order to calculate efficiency scores of rice millers, this study used computer program, namely DEAP 2.1 version. This program calculated efficiency score
both each rice miller and a set of rice millers as an industry.
4.3 Comparative Test
As explanations previously, the study consists of two sub-districts. This required a test to compare whether efficiency score between two sub-districts
same or different. Due to both samples were two independent groups, the test was conducted comparative test for two independent samples. The test compared the
efficiency scores in both sub-districts. It used the following equation:
Where: t
= t statistics = mean of sample 1
= mean of sample 2 = an estimator of the common standard deviation of two samples
= unbiased estimator of the variance n
= number of participants d.f. = degrees of freedom
4.1
A t-test is a statistical test that is used to determine if there is significant difference between means or average score of two groups. There were two
hypotheses that used in the test. Hypotheses are statements about population parameters such as expected value, variance, means, and so forth. First, null
hypothesis H represents a theory that has been put forward, due to it is believed
to be true or it is to be used as a basis for argument, but has not been proved. The null hypothesis in this test was there was no significant difference on efficiency
score between Gekbrong and Warungkondang, on average. Second, alternative hypothesis H
1
is a hypothesis to be accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected. The alternative hypothesis in this test stated that there was
significant different on efficiency score between Gekbrong and Warungkondang, on average. The hypotheses were written as follows:
H : there is no significant difference efficiency score between Gekbrong and
Warungkondang, on average H
1
: there is significant difference 4.2
In process, to determine whether or not the null hypothesis is rejected, it requires value as a threshold of the test statistic in a sample. This is known as
critical value. It depends on the significance level at which the test is done, and whether the test is one side or two sides. While, the significance level is a fixed
probability that the test statistic will reject the null hypothesis while this is true. It is usually denoted by alpha
α.
Critical region rejection region is a set of values of the test statistic that the null hypothesis is rejected in hypothesis test. It means the sample space for the
test statistic was partitioned into two regions, one region leads to reject the null hypothesis H
, the other not. Thus, the conclusion is rejection of H if the test
statistic value is on the critical region, vice versa. The other way to determine conclusion of the test is by comparing
α and p- value p. P-value is probability of getting a value of the test statistic as extreme as
or more extreme than observed, if the null hypothesis is true. The null hypothesis do not rejected if p-value is greater than
α p α. In the implementation, this test used statistical software, namely Minitab Release 13.20.
5 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AREA
This chapter is divided into two sections. First describes briefly about Cianjur Regency. It consists of geophysical and climatic conditions, demography,
and agricultural condition. Second describes about characteristics of research location. It briefly describe about Gekbrong sub-district and Warungkondang sub-
district.
5.1 An Overview of Cianjur Regency
5.1.1 Geophysical and Climatic Conditions
Cianjur Region is located in the south of Java Island. It covers an area of 3,501.48 square kilometers
with the capital city is Cianjur. Geographically, it is in the center of West Java province with a distance of about 65 km from the
provincial capital of West Java Bandung and 120 km from state capital Jakarta. It is located between 6
o
21
’
South Latitude – 7
o
25
’
South Latitude and 106
o
42
’
East Longitude – 107
o
25
’
East Longitude. The map of Cianjur Regency is shown in Figure 9.
Source: Kabupaten Cianjur, 2009 Figure 9 Map of Cianjur Regency
Administratively, it consists of 32 sub-districts, six urban villages and 342 villages. The administrative boundaries as follows:
North side : bordered by Bogor Region and Purwakarta Region West side : bordered by Sukabumi Region
South side : bordered by Indonesian Ocean East side
: bordered by Bandung Region and Garut Region Geographically, Cianjur is divided into three regions of development. These
regions include the northern development area, the central development area, and the southern development area.
The Northern Development Region, consist of 16 sub-district. Sub-districts that included in this region are Cianjur, Cilaku, Warungkondang, Gekbrong,
Cibeber, Karangtengah,
Sukaluyu, Ciranjang,
Bojongpicung, Mande,
Cikalongkulon, Cugenang, Sukaresmi, Cipanas, Pacet dan Haurwangi. This area is a plateau that is located at the foot of Gunung Gede. Most of this area is a
mountainous plateau and some others are plantation for paddy fields The Central Development Region, consist of nine sub-districts. There are
Sukanagara, Takokak, Campaka, Campaka Mulya, Tanggeung, Pagelaran, Leles, Cijati dan Kadupandak. This area is a hilly area with unstable soil structure so
frequent of landslides, the other land are used for plantations, fields, and paddy fields.
The Southern Development Region, consist of seven sub-districts. There are Cibinong, Agrabinta, Sindangbarang, Cidaun , Naringgul, Cikadu dan Pasirkuda.
This is a lowland area, but there are small hills interspersed by mountains up to the Indian Ocean littoral. Similar to the central, this area is also has unstable soil
structure which causing frequent landslides. It is also found in the area plantations, fields, and paddy fields but not so wide.
Cianjur Regency has a tropical climate with an average rainfall per year is 1,000 to 4,000 mm and the average number of rainy days is 150 per year. With a
tropical climate, it makes natural conditions Cianjur fertile and contains a diversity of potential natural resource. Agricultural lands and horticultural crops,
livestock, fisheries and plantations are the source of community life.
