Conclusion Suggestion Efficiency of Rice Milling Industry, Case Study: Two Sub-Districts in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province
Rice Miller
Type Rice
Broken Rice
Rice Bran
Chaff Grain
Working hour
Fuel 33
1 200.00
0.00 30.22
71.99 302.21
2.00 3.00
34 1
150.00 0.00
38.68 52.21
240.89 2.00
2.00 35
3 1500.00
0.00 534.00
636.00 2670.00
6.00 10.50
36 1
100.00 0.00
35.60 42.40
178.00 6.00
1.00 37
1 70.00
0.00 18.69
35.91 124.60
2.00 2.00
38 3
2500.00 89.00
667.50 1193.50
4450.00 7.00
20.00 39
2 1150.00
0.00 307.05
589.95 2047.00
6.00 30.00
40 1
1500.00 0.00
352.68 498.50
2351.18 5.00
8.00 41
1 100.00
0.00 32.69
30.76 163.45
3.00 1.67
42 1
150.00 0.00
35.27 49.85
235.12 2.00
2.00 43
1 300.00
0.00 31.73
121.58 453.31
4.00 2.00
44 3
2500.00 350.88
438.60 1096.49
4385.96 8.00
30.00 45
2 4000.00
178.18 1781.82
1167.27 7127.27
6.00 43.20
46 2
3500.00 118.28
1182.76 1112.76
5913.79 7.00
31.50 47
1 4000.00
0.00 1147.54
1409.84 6557.38
5.00 20.00
48 1
233.00 0.00
60.09 81.10
374.18 3.50
3.33 49
2 1500.00
288.46 721.15
375.00 2884.62
7.00 35.00
50 1
900.00 0.00
232.10 313.25
1445.34 9.00
12.00 51
3 2300.00
334.55 710.91
836.36 4181.82
6.00 15.00
52 1
600.00 0.00
154.73 208.83
963.56 6.00
10.00 53
2 3000.00
100.00 1000.00
900.00 5000.00
8.00 30.00
54 1
300.00 0.00
77.37 104.42
481.78 3.00
5.00 55
1 100.00
0.00 25.79
34.81 160.59
1.00 1.00
56 1
250.00 0.00
83.33 83.33
416.67 3.00
1.50 57
1 300.00
0.00 77.37
104.42 481.78
5.00 4.00
58 3
2200.00 67.69
338.46 778.46
3384.62 7.00
20.00 59
3 2500.00
104.17 641.03
761.22 4006.41
5.00 25.00
60 1
2000.00 0.00
494.48 802.04
3296.52 4.00
10.00 61
1 2500.00
0.00 595.24
873.02 3968.25
8.00 20.00
62 3
4500.00 142.86
1428.57 1071.43
7142.86 8.00
40.00 63
1 500.00
0.00 128.94
174.03 802.97
7.00 10.00
64 1
200.00 0.00
59.56 53.93
313.49 4.00
5.00
Rice Miller
Type Rice
Broken Rice
Rice Bran
Chaff Grain
Working hour
Fuel 65
1
300.00 0.00
76.50 73.49
449.99 6.00
4.00 66
2
1000.00 85.58
479.23 146.73
1711.54 7.00
13.00 67
3
7000.00 1165.21
1296.30 3501.46
12962.96 8.00
80.00 68
3
2300.00 57.50
383.33 1092.50
3833.33 8.00
43.00 69
2
1000.00 48.39
161.29 403.23
1612.90 8.00
10.00 70
1
125.00 0.00
28.94 38.97
192.91 2.00
2.00 71
1
4800.00 0.00
1142.86 1676.19
7619.05 8.00
70.00 72
1
300.00 0.00
70.31 98.44
468.75 2.00
4.00 73
2
3000.00 26.73
1069.09 1249.64
5345.45 7.00
27.00 74
3
3000.00 33.28
832.08 1681.81
5547.17 6.00
27.63 75
3
6620.00 101.85
712.92 2749.85
10184.62 8.00
60.00 76
1
600.00 0.00
154.73 208.83
963.56 4.00
5.00 77
1
2300.00 0.00
593.13 800.52
3693.65 6.00
20.00 78
3
4000.00 210.00
1050.00 1740.00
7000.00 7.00
44.44 79
1
3000.00 0.00
1147.88 1591.51
5739.39 5.00
22.22 80
3
4000.00 70.00
1050.00 1880.00
7000.00 8.00
44.45 81
3
1000.00 72.59
362.96 379.26
1814.81 4.00
10.00 82
1
600.00 0.00
154.73 208.83
963.56 3.00
4.40 83
1
400.00 0.00
36.67 174.43
611.10 3.00
3.00 84
3
2000.00 38.43
384.31 1420.39
3843.14 8.00
15.00 85
3
2300.00 113.72
568.61 808.41
3790.74 8.00
23.00 86
1
2300.00 0.00
751.88 707.53
3759.41 4.00
25.00 87
1
300.00 0.00
92.31 69.23
461.54 4.00
3.00 88
2
6000.00 588.00
1764.00 3408.00
11760.00 8.00
27.50 89
1
3150.00 0.00
812.33 1096.36
5058.69 8.00
32.00 90
2
4000.00 133.33
1000.00 1533.33
6666.67 8.00
30.00 91
3
7000.00 107.69
3230.77 430.77
10769.23 6.00
70.00 92
2
2000.00 64.52
483.87 677.42
3225.81 4.00
50.00 93
3
5000.00 37.50
800.00 2227.02
8064.52 8.00
50.00 94
3
2000.00 32.26
290.32 903.23
3225.81 4.00
20.00
Note: In the type column, 1= makloon type
2= non-makloon type 3= combination type
Appendix 3 Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency Scores, Variable Return to Scale Technical Efficiency Scores, Scale Efficiency, and
Return to Scale of Each Rice Milling Business Rice Miller
Type CRSTE
VRSTE SE
NIRS 1
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 2
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 3
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 4
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 5
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 6
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 7
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 8
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 9
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 10
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 11
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 12
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 13
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 14
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 15
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 16
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 17
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 18
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 19
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 20
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 21
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 22
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 23
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 24
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 25
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 26
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 27
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 28
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 29
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 30
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 31
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 32
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 33
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 34
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS
Rice Miller Type
CRSTE VRSTE
SE NIRS
35
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 36
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 37
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 38
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 39
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 40
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 41
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 42
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 43
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 44
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 45
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 46
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 47
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 48
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 49
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 50
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 51
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 52
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 53
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 54
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 55
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 56
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 57
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 58
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 59
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 60
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 61
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 62
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 63
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 64
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 65
1 1.000
1.000 1.000 MPSS
66 2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 67
3 1.000
1.000 1.000 MPSS
68 3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS
Note: In the type column, 1= makloon type
2= non-makloon type 3= combination type
Rice Miller Type
CRSTE VRSTE
SE NIRS
69
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 70
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 71
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 72
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 73
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 74
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 75
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 76
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 77
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 78
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 79
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 80
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 81
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 82
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 83
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 84
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 85
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 86
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 87
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 88
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 89
1
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 90
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 91
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 92
2
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 93
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS 94
3
1.000 1.000
1.000 MPSS
mean 1.000
1.000 1.000
Appendix 4 Summary of Output and Input Slacks of All Respondents
Rice Miller
NIRS Rice
Broken Rice
Rice Bran
Chaff Grain
Working hour
Fuel 1
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.433
2 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 3
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
3.896 0.000
4 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.000
0.000 5
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.182 1.373
6
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
7
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
8 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.960
9 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 10
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.840 0.210
11
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
12 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
2.072
13 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 14
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
1.977 0.000
15 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.651
16 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
17 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 18
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
1.548 0.000
19 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 2.890
17.702
20 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
21 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
22 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
23
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
24 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
25 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 26
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 2.134
27 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 2.000
0.000
28 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
29 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 30
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.121 0.248
31
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
32 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
Rice Miller
NIRS Rice
Broken Rice
Rice Bran
Chaff Grain
Working hour
Fuel
33
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
34 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.060
0.124 35
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
2.382 0.000
36 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
37
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
38 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.351
0.000
39 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
40 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
41 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 42
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.290
43 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
44 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
45
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
46
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
47 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
48 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
49
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
50
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
51 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 52
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.501
53 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 2.212
4.726
54 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
55 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
56 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 57
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.000
58
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
59 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
60 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
61
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
62 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 2.326
6.222 63
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
2.001 3.501
64 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.661
2.729
Rice Miller
NIRS Rice
Broken Rice
Rice Bran
Chaff Grain
Working hour
Fuel
65
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
66
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
67 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 68
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
3.951 21.317
69
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
70
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
71 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 72
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.503
73 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
74
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
75 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 76
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.691 0.000
77 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
2.949 78
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 6.732
79 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 80
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
1.152 10.400
81 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.458
0.175 82
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.901 0.000
83 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
84 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 85
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
1.809 1.481
86 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
87 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
88 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 89
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
1.020 5.181
90 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 1.548
0.000
91 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 92
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 9.363
93
MPSS 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
94 MPSS
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.532
1.239
mean 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.420 1.141
Note: The unit with the zero slack of all variables is highlighted in bold in the first
column
Appendix 5 Summary of Frontier of All Respondents Rice Miller
1 2
3 4
5 6
1 65
22 83
40 55
2 2
3 55
67 6
9 88
16 4
83 39
61 55
22 5
55 25
65 33
6 6
7 7
8 22
83 61
55 40
9 9
10 41
87 36
31 11
11 12
55 86
29 22
48 13
13 14
91 67
88 16
46 9
15 55
61 83
22 39
16 16
17 17
18 91
67 88
16 75
73 19
59 69
55 16
91 20
20 21
21 22
22 23
29 86
79 50
61 31
24 24
25 25
26 65
83 22
43 55
27 29
28 28
29 29
30 55
22 48
86 31
31 32
32
Rice Miller 1
2 3
4 5
6 33
33 34
55 48
86 22
35 87
2 31
86 79
36 36
37 37
38 74
73 88
69 75
55 39
39 40
40 41
41 42
43 65
55 22
83 43
43 44
44 45
45 46
46 47
47 48
48 49
49 50
50 51
51 52
86 50
61 22
54 53
91 55
46 16
9 54
54 55
55 56
56 57
27 58
58 59
59 60
60 61
61 62
75 46
91 16
67 63
22 55
61 50
64 86
55 87
31
Rice Miller 1
2 3
4 5
6 65
65 66
66 67
67 68
75 67
84 74
31 69
69 70
70 71
71 72
40 55
24 33
65 73
73 74
74 75
75 76
55 61
47 86
29 77
47 79
61 86
31 78
73 67
6 75
91 88
79 79
80 73
88 75
93 79
81 45
79 9
73 31
82 40
61 55
47 86
83 83
84 84
85 6
59 44
69 61
86 86
87 87
88 88
89 86
71 47
61 90
91 67
88 16
75 73
91 91
92 9
67 16
50 6
55 93
93 94
67 75
84 74
31
ABSTRACT
CILA APRIANDE. Efficiency of Rice Milling Industry, Case Study: Two Sub- Districts in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. Supervised by RACHMAT
PAMBUDY, NUNUNG KUSNADI, and STEPHAN VON CRAMON- TAUBADEL.
In rice agribusiness system of Indonesia, rice milling industry has an important role. This industry plays role as connector between paddy producers
farmers and consumers of rice. The industry is dominated by small scale and old machine used. There are three types of rice miller business management, namely
makloon, non-makloon, and combination of both. This study aims to describe characteristics and determine relative efficiency of rice milling industry. The
study was conducted in Gekbrong and Warungkondang, Cianjur Regency as one of largest paddy producer in West Java. 94 rice millers were selected purposively
as sample. Mostly, owner of rice millers were male, rice miller business as main job, and ownership of rice miller was private. Rice milling industry was
dominated by makloon type. This type offered milling service to consumers and had small capacity. Variable return to scale DEA output orientated model was
used to determine relative efficiency of rice milling industry. This study concluded that rice milling industry in study site was inefficient.
Key words: efficiency, rice milling industry, DEA
ABSTRAK
CILA APRIANDE. Efisiensi Industri Penggilingan Padi, Studi Kasus: Dua Kecamatan di Kabupaten Cianjur, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh
RACHMAT PAMBUDY, NUNUNG KUSNADI, dan STEPHAN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL.
Pada sistem agribisnis beras di Indonesia, industri penggilingan padi memiliki peranan penting. Industri ini berperan sebagai penghubung antara
produsen padi petani dan konsumen beras. Industri ini didominasi oleh penggilingan padi skala kecil dan kondisi mesin yang digunakan sudah tua.
Terdapat tiga jenis manajemen bisnis penggilingan padi, yaitu makloon, non- makloon,
dan kombinasi
keduanya. Penelitian
ini bertujuan
untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik dan menentukan efisiensi relatif industri
penggilingan padi. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Gekbrong dan Warungkondang, Kabupaten Cianjur sebagai salah kabupaten penghasil beras
terbesar di Jawa Barat. 94 penggilingan padi dipilih secara purposive sebagai sampel. Sebagian besar, pemilik penggilingan padi adalah pria, penggilingan padi
adalah sebagai pekerjaan utama, dan kepemilikan penggilingan padi adalah privat. Industri penggilingan padi didominasi oleh jenis makloon. Penggilingan jenis ini
menawarkan jasa giling kepada konsumen dan berkapasitas kecil. Model variabel return to scale DEA berorientasi output digunakan untuk menentukan efisiensi
relatif industri penggilingan padi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa industri penggilingan padi di lokasi penelitian inefisien.
Kata kunci: efisiensi, industri penggilingan padi, DEA
SUMMARY
CILA APRIANDE. Efficiency of Rice Milling Industry, Case Study: Two Sub- Districts in Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. Supervised by RACHMAT
PAMBUDY, NUNUNG KUSNADI, and STEPHAN VON CRAMON- TAUBADEL.
Rice is one of the main staple foods in Indonesia. In 2012, Indonesian
consumption of rice is high, approximately 139 kilogram per capita per year Pambudy, 2012. Rice is a political commodity that can be an indicator for
national stability. Rice is also an important economic indicator in which, rice price is able to reflect the inflation rate and the minimum income in Indonesia. Rice has
an important role for the life of Indonesia’s society. Hence, availability of the rice must be able to be guaranteed. Governmental efforts to keep the availability of
rice are done through established policies, ranging from the production, distribution, and consumption of rice.
Rice milling industry as an important link in paddy processing into rice is required to contribute provision of national rice in terms of quantity and quality.
Performance of rice milling industry needs to be developed and improved Budiharti, Harsono, Juliana, 2003. In 2002, the number of the rice milling is
109,000 units. It is dominated by small-scale by 95 percent and the rest is large- scale. The average yield that is produced by small rice milling is still low at only
60 percent, medium rice milling is 64 percent, and large rice milling is 65 percent of each dry milled grain that milled in each rice milling. Generally, small scale
rice millings are an investment in the 1960s until 1980s Sawit, 2011. While in 2008, the number of rice milling is decrease. It is about
108,512 units Thahir, 2010.
Rice milling industry plays an important role in the processing side, is expected to work efficiently and effectively, in order to increasing a national rice
production. This is especially with respect to start attainment surplus by 10 million tons of rice in 2014. This is evidenced by milling ratio and quality of rice
produced Nazaruddin, 2012.
This study is aimed to describe characteristic and determine relative efficiency of rice milling industry in Gekbrong and Warungkondang, Cianjur
Regency, West Java Province. This study used 94 rice millers that selected purposively, which in 44 units are in Gekbrong and 50 units are in
Warungkondang by used questionnaire. Data processing was conducted by used output orientated and variable return to scale VRS DEA Data Envelopment
Analysis model. Determination of efficiency was reffered to Koopmans definition. Rice miller was efficient if operates on the frontier efficiency scoreES
equal to one and achieves zero slack of all variables used. In addition, to overcome the difference between to sub-districts, a comparative analysis was
conducted by using statistical Minitab Release 13.20.
Mostly, owner of rice millers were male, rice miller business as main job, and ownership of rice miller was private. Rice milling industry was dominated by
makloon type. This type offered milling service to consumers and had small
capacity. This study concluded that rice milling industry in study site was inefficient.
This study was case study of rice milling industry. So, it could not be generalized to general condition of Indonesian including differences of sample
size, observations type, location, and so forth.
Further research can uses other method or tools programs to examine the efficiency of rice miller and also determine
factors affecting inefficiency of rice miller, conducting research in a different location, and so forth related to efficiency of rice milling industry to obtain
information that are not captured in this study.
Government is expected to conduct research on rice mill industry efficiency nationally. The research is addressed to obtain information the efficiency of various
types of rice miller in all provinces. So, it can be used as consideration in determining the appropriate policy for this industry. Policies are not only considering producers
farmers and consumers but also rice milling industry as an industry that linking producers and consumers in rice agribusiness system.
Key words: efficiency, rice milling industry, DEA
1 INTRODUCTION
Rice is one of the main staple foods in Indonesia. In 2012, Indonesian consumption of rice is high, approximately 139 kilogram per capita per year
Pambudy, 2012. Each household, on the average, spends 25 percent of their income for rice. Even, the percentage will get greater to the poor.
Although there has been diversification program that issued by the government, rice is the most preferred food by most of Indonesian. Therefore, the
staple food has become strategic for politics, economics, and business in Indonesia. Rice is a political commodity that can be an indicator for national
stability. Rice is also an important economic indicator in which, rice price is able to reflect the inflation rate and the minimum income in Indonesia. In addition, rice
is one of the five commodities that are commodities focus of development Directorate General of Marketing and Processing of Agriculture, 2010.
Rice has an important role for the life of Indonesia’s society. Hence, availability of the rice must be able to be guaranteed. Governmental efforts to
keep the availability of rice are done through established policies, ranging from the production, distribution, and consumption of rice.
In production side, in order to meet domestic demand for rice, the government continues to increase Indonesian national production through a
variety of policies. This corresponds with UU NO.7 Th. 1996 Indonesian law concerning food. This policy is carried out in two ways. First is intensification
way. This is done by increasing the productivity of crops and cropping index. Second is extensification way. This is more emphasis on increasing crop land
area. In implementation, government by means of Ministry of Agriculture makes a few programs to increase production of rice. This program is known as Program
Peningkatan Produksi Padi nasionalP4 National Rice Production Enhancement Program Baga, Pratiwi, Firdaus, 2008.
First program of P4 is Program Padi Sentra Centers Paddy Program, started in 1959. However, this program is unsuccessful. This is caused by less
number of farmers as participants. Hence, government changes to the other program, namely Program Bimibingan MasalBimas Mass Mentoring Program
and Program Intensifikasi KhususInsus Special Intensification Program. The programs started in 1965 through SK Mentan No. 003 Tahun 1979. In 1984,
Indonesia achieves self-sufficiency of rice through Panca Usahatani technology Five Farming technology. Government continues to evaluate the P4 program
corresponds with environment change, both of nature and socioeconomic Baga, Pratiwi, Firdaus, 2008.
Recently, production policy is known as Program Peningkatan Beras NasionalP2BN National Rice Improvement Program. This program started in
2007 with target to increase the production per year either of rice by 2 million tons or of grain by 5 percent for domestic stock. This is also to reduce import in
order to achieve self-sufficiency in 2015. Some provinces in Indonesia plays role as rice producers. Based on data of
Statistics Indonesia, paddy is widely produced in the island of Java. It shows on Table 1, where the three provinces on Java Island are the big paddy producers in
Indonesia.
Table 1 Harvest Area Ha, Productivity quintalHa, and Production Ton of 10 Provinces Biggest Paddy Producers in Indonesia 2011
Province Harvest Area
Ha Productivity
quintalHa Production
Ton West Java
1,964,457.00 59.22
11,633,836.00 East Java
1,926,796.00 54.89
10,576,543.00 Central Java
1,724,246.00 54.47
9,391,959.00 South Sulawesi
889,232.00 50.73
4,511,336.00 North Sumatera
757,428.00 47.62
3,607,036.00 South Sumatera
784,820.00 43.09
3,381,751.00 Lampung
606,973.00 48.45
2,940,795.00 West Sumatera
461,711.00 49.37
2,279,442.00 West Nusa Tenggara
418,062.00 49.45
2,067,137.00 South Kalimantan
489,134.00 41.67
2,038,309.00 National
13,201,316.00 49.80
65,740,946.00 Source: Statistics Indonesia, 2011
In the 2011, West Java is the biggest paddy-producing province and it produced paddy was 11,633,836.00 tons. While Indonesian national production of
paddy is equal to 65,740,946.00 tons. It means that West Java accounts for 17.70 percent of national paddy production. In addition, West Java also has the largest
harvest area and the highest productivity. East Java and Central Java placed second and third as a province of paddy producers. Each province produced paddy
was 10,576,543.00 tons and 9,391,959.00 tons. Cianjur is one of regencies that are produce paddy in West Java province. In
2010, Cianjur produced paddy about 862,229.00 tons. It has harvest area about 159,229.00 hectares with the productivity of 54.15 quintal per hectare. The
biggest province in West Java that produced paddy was Indramayu with total production by 1,358,441.00 tons. It shows on Table 2. Harvest Area Ha,
Productivity quintalHa, and Production Ton of 10 Provinces Biggest Paddy Producers in West Java Province year of 2010.
Table 2 Harvest Area Ha, Productivity quintalHa, and Production Ton of 10 Provinces Biggest Paddy Producers in West Java Province 2010
Regency Harvest Area
Ha Productivity
quintalHa Production Ton
Indramayu 240,716.00
56.43 1,358,441.00
Karawang 187,892.00
59.29 1,113,978.00
Subang 169,462.00
54.28 919,789.00
Garut 147,426.00
60.65 894,197.00
Cianjur 159,229.00
54.15 862,229.00
Tasikmalaya 138,247.00
61.65 851,108.00
Sukabumi 146,825.00
54.89 805,924.00
Ciamis 117,295.00
61.8 724,842.00
Bekasi 100,966.00
58.44 590,043.00
Majalengka 103,392.00
56.16 580,638.00
Source: Statistics Indonesia of West Java, 2010
In distribution side, government set a distribution policy. The objective of this policy is to guarantee stock of food along the year smoothly and achievable.
This is important because Indonesia has large population and also wide and spread geographical coverage. Hence, since 1967, government provides authority to
BULOG to regulating domestic rice stock and stabilizing rice price. In Indonesia, rice distribution process is implemented by BULOG and market mechanism.
BULOG has only market share by 10 percent of total national market and the rest is controlled by market mechanism Baga, Pratiwi, Firdaus, 2008.
In price side, policy is made with respect to protect farmers as producer and consumer through price stabilization mechanism. Since 1970, government issued
a floor price policy for grain and rice. The objective of this policy is to provide price guarantee for farmers that the production will be purchased in accordance
with the price set by the government. So it becomes an incentive for farmers to increase the production. The policy will further help for farmers in the harvest.
Farmers will not get a lowest price because of excess supply occur in the market. On the other hand, government sets a ceiling price to protect consumers. A
ceiling price is the maximum price that might be applied by producers to the consumers. This policy will further help for consumers in the bad season. The
consumers will not get a highest price because of excess demand occur in the market.
Referring to Inpres No.9 Tahun 2002 President Instruction concerning of determination of rice policy, government change Harga Dasar GabahHDG
Floor Price of Grain into Harga Dasar Pembelian PemerintahHDPP Floor Price of Government Purchasing is also known as Harga Pembelian
PemerintahHPP Government Purchasing Price. Fundamental difference of both policies is on government guaranteed price level. In HDPP HPP policy,
government only guarantee price of grain on the certain level at the site which has been set.
In order to implement both HPP policy and ceiling price, government provides authority to BULOG by SK Mendag No.1111 Tahun 2007 to keep price
domestic price stabilization of rice. Based on SK Mendag No. 1109 Tahun 2007 declares that control both of monopoly of price and of import policy are return
back to BULOG Baga, Pratiwi, Firdaus, 2008.
The other form of price policy is market operation both of Operasi Pasar MurniOPM Pure Market Operation and Operasi Pasar KhususOPK Special
Market Operation. OPM is part of general price subsidy which is used at the highest price occur because of excess demand in the market. It is done by cutting
of price by 10-15 percent below market price. Otherwise, OPK is implementation of targeted price subsidy to distribute food aid to poor people. Since 2002, this
operation changes to Beras untuk Keluarga MiskinRaskin Rice for Poor Families Baga, Pratiwi, Firdaus, 2008.
The policies made by the government are expected to strengthen the rice agribusiness system. The rice agribusiness system consists of several subsystems
from upstream to downstream. The system is built by some industries, one of which is the rice milling industry. The system is depicted in Figure 1.
Figures 1 illustrates the rice milling industry is on the processing subsystem. This subsystem is between farmers and consumers. Farmers as producers provide
input in the form of grain and then this industry processes it into the rice that either ready to cook by consumers or ready to stock by seller. The government has
role to give an incentive for farmers to produce qualified rice. It is done through policy implementation, such as HPP. This policy gives an incentive because there
Figure 1 Rice Agribusiness System
is guarantee of price for farmers. This policy makes more influence in the harvest season while production of paddyrice is higher.
The guarantee of price increases the incentive for all parts in the rice agribusiness system to produce better quality rice and reduce the yield loss that
occurs at every level. This point is done to strengthen linkages between primary industries on farm and a processing industry milling, to be equally strong. So,
farmers can increase income in a sustainable manner as well as the milling business. Then, it can create a good and solid rice agribusiness system Sawit,
2011. Rice milling industry as an important link in converting paddy into rice is
required to contribute provision of national rice in terms of quantity and quality. This industry increase value added of paddygrain. Rice has a higher economic
value when sold than sold in the grain form. This industry converts paddygrain which is produced by farmers into rice that is ready to be cooked or stored. The
role of government is needed to improve performance and develop this industry in order to create an integrated rice agribusiness.
Rice production both quality and quantity will give a large effect on national rice trade. The quality of rice produced would affect the competitiveness of the
national rice products. Good quality rice will become a force for Indonesia in competing with the other countries in both domestic and foreign markets. In
addition, the quantity of rice produced would affect the amount of rice supply in the market. If the number of nationally produced rice cannot cover the needs of
the community, then this will affect the rice import policy. Improvement of rice quality is determined by a few factors in every
subsystem. In upstream subsystem, agricultural inputs quality produced in this subsystem affect quality of paddygrain produced on the subsystem on farm,
especially quality of seed. In on farm subsystem, farming technique and input factors used affect the quality of paddy produced both quality and quantity. In off
farm subsystem, paddygrain plays role as one of input factors. Good quality of paddygrain produces also good quality of rice. In addition, machine condition
also affects both quality and quantity of rice produced. All processes in every subsystem affect the quality and yield of rice quantity.
Rice millers can be divided into several categories based on a few distinguishing features, including production capacity, level of technology,
business management and so forth. Based on production capacity, rice millers are grouped into three categories J., 2010. First is small rice miller consisting of two
units of machines in separated pairs, namely husker and polisher. In general, transfer of material from husker to polisher is done by human manually. Real
production capacity is about 0.3-0.7 ton of rice per hour. Second is large rice miller comprising of a complete set of cleaner, husker,
separator, polisher, shifter, grader, and so on. Material transfer is done by using elevator. Real production capacity is more than 0.7 ton of rice per hour. Third is
rice milling unit consisting of husker and polisher inseparable. Real production capacity is 0.3-0.7 ton of rice per hour.
Based on level of technology, rice milling in Indonesia is divided into two types Winarno, 2004. First is medium-large rice mill commercial. Second is
service custom rice miller offering milled service in small quantities. In 2002, the number of the rice milling in Indonesia is 109,000 units. This
is dominated by small-scale by 95 percent and the rest is large-scale. The average yield that is produced by small rice milling is still low at only 60 percent, medium
rice milling is 64 percent, and large rice milling is 65 percent of each dry milled grain that milled in each rice milling. Generally, small scale rice millings are an
investment in the 1960s until 1980s Sawit, 2011. While in 2008, the number of rice milling is decrease. It is about
108,512 units Thahir, 2010. In 2009, there are 2,028 units of rice miller in Cianjur Regency Kabupaten
Cianjur, 2009. This number is dominated by small rice miller about 90.24 percent. The rest is large rice miller. Gekbrong and Warungkondang are sub-
districts in Cianjur being study site. In study site, based on preliminary survey
data, there are three types rice miller, namely makloon, non-makloon, and combination of both. This is divided by management business.
Explanations above raise some questions related to this industry in this study site. What is characteristic of rice milling industry? What kind of rice
millers scattered? Are production factors efficient? Is rice milling industry efficient?
According to those research questions, the objectives of this study are: 1.
To describe characteristics and types of rice miller. 2.
To determine relative efficiency of rice milling industry. This study was case study of rice milling industry. So, it could not be
generalized to general condition of Indonesian including differences of sample size, observations type, location, and so forth.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Generally, this chapter reviews some previous studies on rice milling and efficiency relative. First, it starts with overview of rice milling industry in
Indonesia. Second, it describes a few previous studies about efficiency of production function. Finally, the last section of this chapter gives information
about efficiency study in the previous studies.