The Formulation of the Problem The Significant of the Study

speech tells the ideas, but not necessarily the exact words, of the original speaker 9 . To indicate that the words are quoting or reporting what someone has said or thought, it uses a reporting verb or introducing verb. Indirect Speech usually started with introducing verbs, such as: say, tell, answer, inform, explain, add, order and command. Say is the most common reporting verb and is usually followed immediately by a noun clause. Tell is also commonly used 10 . Tell is also used in the sense of ‗order someone to do something‟ 11 . Indirect Speech uses words that in statement, ifwhether in yesno question, and tono to in requestcommand as a conjunction between the introductory phrase and the reported words, and it is usually written in past form. It doesn’t use quotation marks ‗….’ or ―….‖ and a comma , after the introducing verb as in direct sentence. Reported speech does not normally require commas or quotation marks 12 . Examples: He said that he was a student of UIN then. Statement He asked me ifwhether I was a student of UIN then. Yesno question He told me to come there the following day. Positive command He told me not to come there the following day. Negative command The writer concludes that Indirect Speech is words to talk the idea that was expressed by someone without using or quoting the speaker’s exact words. It is different in tenses, word orders, pronouns, and other words from the original words but still has the same meaning. 9 Patricia K. Werner and John P. Nelson, Mosaic 2 Grammar, New York: McGraw- HillContemporary, 2002, 4 th ed., p. 212. 10 Azar, Fundamental of English …, p. 425. 11 Linton Stone, Cambridge Proficiency English, London: The Macmillan Press Limited, 1967, p. 132. 12 Werner, Mosaic …, p. 212.

3. The Rules of Changing Direct Into Indirect Speech

There are some changes in indirect speech such as tenses, pronouns, possessive adjective, adverb, and adverbial phrases of time. Normally, these changes are in the statements, commandrequest, and question. The following are the sequence changes or formulations of indirect speech; a. Change all pronouns to agree with the new sentence. All pronouns are changed to show the correct relationship between the original information and the reported information. Usually, the first pronoun is changed into the third pronoun. Third person pronouns must show clearly whom they refer to 13 . Example; Mary said, “I watch TV every day.” Direct Mary said that she watched TV every day. Indirect Word I is changed by she, because the speaker is Mary b. Change the verb tenses if the reporting verbs are in the past. When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the noun clause is often shifted to one of the past tenses 14 . We don’t normally use the same tenses as someone’s original speech, because we are not talking in the same time as the speaker was. Table 2.1 The changes of tenses 15 Direct Speech Indirect Speech Simple present „I never eat meat,‟ he explained. Simple past He explained that he never ate meat. Present continuous „I‟m waiting for Ann,‟ he said. Past continuous He said that he was waiting for Ann. Present perfect Past perfect 13 Stone, Cambridge Proficiency …, p. 131. 14 Werner, Mosaic 2 …, p. 212. 15 Thomson, A Practical English …, p. 270.