24 c Adverb clause to indicate opposition
Adverbial clauses can indicate opposition. It means that the clauses carry statement opposing the ultimate result. These clauses are often introduced by
although , though, and even though Wishon Burks, 1987 Azar, 1989.
Examples:
i. Although I had a slight handicap, I was an ambitious student.
Having a slight handicap, commonly, someone can lose his spirit. But, in the
sentence above, the independent clause I was an ambitious student shows
an unexpected result.
ii. My grades were always excellent, even though I was often absent.
Usually, those who are often absent to class do not get so good a grade. Yet, in
the sentence above, the independent clause My grades were always excellent
shows an unexpected result.
iii. My grades were always excellent, though I was often absent. Although
and even though are the formal forms. In less formal situation, those two conjunctions can be replaced with though.
3 Changing a finite adverb clause into a non-finite adverb clauses Azar 1989 explains that the same with noun clauses and adjective clauses
that can be changed into their non-finite forms, adverb clauses can also be turned into their non-finite forms. Regarding this, Wishon Burks 1987 state that the
subject of both the independent and the dependent clause in the sentence to be
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25 changed into non-finite, must be the same. Their ideas can be summed up in the
following table.
Table 2.9: How finite adverb clauses can be changed into non-finite adverb clauses
a While I was walking down the street,
I met an old friend.
b Walking down the street, I met an
old friend.
As seen in b, an –ing phrase at the
beginning of a sentence can give the meaning of “during the same time”
c Because she needed money to buy a
book, Sue cashed a check.
d Needing some money to buy a book,
Sue cashed a check.
As seen in d, an –ing phrase at the
beginning of a sentence can also give the meaning of “because”
e Because she was unable to afford a
car, she bought a bicycle.
f Being unable to buy a car, she
bought a bicycle.
g Unable to afford a car, she bought a
bicycle.
A form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being. Being can
also be omitted as in g.
h Although I had a slight handicap, I
was an ambitious student.
i Although having a slight handicap,
I was an ambitious student. As seen in b, d, f, g, and i, the
subject of the non-finite clause is the same
as the
subject of
the independent clause.
j Although it was cold, I went
swimming. In j: the finite clause in the sentence
cannot be made non-finite because the subject of the adverb clause is
different from that of the independent clause. Notice the underlined words.
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26 Wishon Burks 1987 state that the general principle on how to change a
clause into a phrase is to avoid what is so-called dangling verbal. The verbals, which are infinitives, gerunds, and participles, are often the source of confusing
expressions, especially when they are used at the beginning of the sentence. Verbals are verb forms used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. As they retain their
nature as verb, they may show action and have objects. Action requires an agent – someone or something to perform the act or to be responsible for it. When the
reference of the verbal to its agent is not entirely clear, the sentence is lack of clarity.
The following are some examples of sentences containing dangling verbal and each of the corrections.
a Wrong : Having read Poe, the stories of O. Henry interested me.
Right : Having read Poe, I became interested in O. Henry’s stories.
b Wrong : Reading them, one difference could be found.
Right : Reading them, I found one difference.
6. Multiple clause structure The device of subordination, according to Quirk Greenbaum 1985,
enables one to organize multiple clause structure. In this structure, each dependent clause may itself be superordinate to one or more other clauses. As the
consequence, hierarchy of clauses, one within another can be built up, which frequently results in sentences of great complexity.
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27 A simple example:
X- Y-
Z- -Z -Y
-X I think [ that you can do it
{if you try} ]
Here, the clause beginning at Z- is subordinate to the clause beginning at Y-, which in turn is subordinate to the clause beginning at X-. Both Y and Z are
dependent clause, while X is the independent clause of the sentence above. And
the sentence fulfils the pattern of S-V-O-A, in which I functions as S, think as V, that you can do it
as O, and if you try as A.
B. Theoretical Framework
As the framework, some points can be summed up. Sentences are divided into four broad categories namely simple, compound, complex, and compound-
complex. Complex sentences becoming the focus of this study are those having one independent clause, and at least one dependent clause which can be in the
form of finite or non-finite noun clause, finite or non-finite adjective clause and finite or non-finite adverb clause.
Complex sentences that will be analysed in this study, therefore, can be noted as follows.
1. Complex sentences containing finite or non-finite noun clauses 2. Complex sentences containing finite or non-finite adjective clauses
3. Complex sentences containing finite or non-finite adverb clauses 4. Complex sentences containing multiple clause structure
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