17 Secondly, he says, the form is influenced by the function of the relative pronoun
syntactically within the clause, as subject, object, genitive, or prepositional object. This will be elaborated further in tables that follow in this chapter.
In writing, furthermore, adjective clauses play an important role to improve coherence Bramer Sedley, 1981. It is because adjective clause can help avoid
repetitions by substituting a pronoun for a noun or noun phrase that has been mentioned previously. Therefore, it can help make the ideas within a composition
flow smoother.
2 Some types of adjective clauses
a Adjective clauses using who, which, that The following table shows adjective clauses using who, which and that as
subject pronouns Wishon Burks, 1987 Azar, 1989.
Table 2.3: Adjective clauses using who, which and that
I thanked the woman. She helped me ↓
i. I thanked the woman who helped me. ii. I thanked the woman that helped me.
In i: I thanked the woman = an independent clause
who helped me = an adjective clause The adjective clause modifies the
noun woman In i: who is the subject of the
adjective
In ii: that is the subject of the
adjective Both i and ii have the same
meaning
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
The book is mine. It is on the table.
↓
iii. The book which is on the table is
mine.
iv. The book that is on the table is mine
Who = used for people Which = used for things, as seen in
iii That = used for both people and
things, as seen in ii and iv
b Adjective clauses using object pronouns: which and that The following table shows adjective clauses using which and that as the
object pronouns Wishon Burks, 1987 Azar, 1989.
Table 2.4: Adjective clauses using which and that
The movie wasn’t very good.
We saw it last night.
↓
i. The movie which we saw last night
wasn’t very good.
ii. The movie that we saw last night
wasn’t very good. iii. The movie
θ we saw last night
wasn’t very good. As seen in iii, object pronoun is often
omitted from an adjective clause.
Which = used for things That = used for both people and things
c Adjective clauses using whose and of which The following table shows adjective clauses using whose and of which to
show possession Wishon Burks, 1987; Azar, 1989. From the table that
follows, the difference usage between whose and of which can be highlighted.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
Table 2.5: Adjective clauses using whose and of which
I know the man.
His bicycle
was stolen. ↓
i. I know the man whose bicycle was
stolen.
Mr. Catt has a painting. Its value is
inestimable. ↓
ii. Mr Catt has a painting whose value is
inestimable.
We have an antique table. The top of it
has jade inlay. ↓
iii. We have an antique table, the top of
which has jade inlay.
iv. We have an antique table whose top
has jade inlay.
Whose is used to show possession.
It carries the same meaning as other possessive
pronouns used
as adjectives: his, her, its, and their.
Whose is connected to a noun. Both
are placed at the beginning of the
adjective clause. Whose cannot be
omitted.
Whose can be used to modify
“people” and “things”
Besides using “whose” to modify “things”, English also includes a
noun +
of which
to show
possession. iii and iv have the same meaning.
But, as seen in iii, a comma is
needed when a noun + of which is
used.
d Adjective clauses to modify a whole sentence: using which Which
positioned right after a comma following a complete statement is to modify the whole idea of that preceding statement Azar, 1989 Eastwood,
2002. The following table shows adjective clauses using which.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
Table 2.6: Adjective clauses using which
Tom was late. That surprised me. i. Tom was late, which surprised me.
The elevator is out of order. This is
too bad.
ii. The elevator is out of order, which
is too bad.
The pronoun that and this can refer to
the idea of a whole sentence which comes before.
The use of which both in i and in ii is the same, referring to the whole
preceding sentence.
3 Changing a finite adjective clause to a non-finite adjective clause Bramer Sedley 1981 say that one can achieve even more “tightening”
through a syntactic manoeuvre which permits to delete the relative pronoun and certain other parts. This manoeuvre changes an adjective clause into a reduced
adjective clause, now called a phrase. According to Azar 1989, a clause, group of related words containing a subject and a verb, is finite. Whereas, she claims
that a phrase, being a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb, is non-finite.
There are two ways in which a finite adjective clause is changed to a non- finite adjective clause, or adjective phrase.
a The subject pronoun is omitted and the be form of the verb is omitted. CLAUSE : The man who is talking to John is from Korea.
PHRASE : The
man θ θ talking to John is from Korea. b If there is no be form of the verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes
possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its –ing form. CLAUSE : Anyone who wants
to come with us is welcome. PHRASE :
Anyone θ wanting
to come with us is welcome.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
c. ADVERB CLAUSES
1 Definition of adverb clause Frank 1972, Wishon Burks 1987 and Dumais 1988 say that an
adverbial clause is a dependent clause used as an adverb. It, therefore, gives circumstantial information about an action or event. It, basically, modifies or tells
more about a verb Farbman, 1985; Quirk Greenbaum, 1985; Ackley, et al., 1986, in the way that they explain where, when, how, why, to what extent and
under what condition an action occurs. As an adverb does not have a fixed position, adverb clauses, consequently, do not occupy any fixed position.
2 Some types of adverb clause a Adverb clause to indicate time relationships
The first type of adverb clauses is the one indicating time relationship. Therefore, these clauses tell more about when an action is done. The following is
table showing adverb clauses indicating time relationships Wishon Burks, 1987 Azar, 1989.
Table 2.7: Adverb clauses indicating time relationships After
i. After she graduates, she will get a
