After she graduates, she will get a

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c. ADVERB CLAUSES

1 Definition of adverb clause Frank 1972, Wishon Burks 1987 and Dumais 1988 say that an adverbial clause is a dependent clause used as an adverb. It, therefore, gives circumstantial information about an action or event. It, basically, modifies or tells more about a verb Farbman, 1985; Quirk Greenbaum, 1985; Ackley, et al., 1986, in the way that they explain where, when, how, why, to what extent and under what condition an action occurs. As an adverb does not have a fixed position, adverb clauses, consequently, do not occupy any fixed position. 2 Some types of adverb clause a Adverb clause to indicate time relationships The first type of adverb clauses is the one indicating time relationship. Therefore, these clauses tell more about when an action is done. The following is table showing adverb clauses indicating time relationships Wishon Burks, 1987 Azar, 1989. Table 2.7: Adverb clauses indicating time relationships After

i. After she graduates, she will get a

job. ii. He worked as a lawyer after he finished his education. As seen in i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vi, subordinating conjunction can appear either at the beginning of the sentence or after the independent clause. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 22 Before iii. I will leave before he comes. iv. I had left before he came. As seen in i, v, and vii, when the conjunction is at the beginning of the sentence, a comma to precede the independent clause is needed. When v. When I was in Chicago, I visited the museum. vi. Abraham Lincoln maintained great interest in legal studies when he was president. Whileas vii. While I was walking down the street, I met an old friend. viii. As I was walking home, I met an old friend. While and as carry the meaning of “during the same time” Until ix. Lincoln maintained his interest in law until he was assassinated. Until means till that time and then no longer. b Adverb clause to indicate cause and effect relationships Adverb clause can also show cause and effect relationship. It means that the clauses tell more about why an action is done. Azar 1989 explains that because, since, now that, as, as long asso long as, and inasmuch as are subordinating conjunctions showing cause and effect relationships. The examples and the explanation on adverb clauses indicating cause and effect relationship based on Wishon Burks 1987 and Azar 1989 can be seen in the following table. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 23 Table 2.8: Adverb clauses indicating cause and effect relationships Because i. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. ii. He went to bed because he was sleepy. An adverb clause may precede or follow the independent clause. Since iii. Since he is not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert. In iii: since means because Now that iv. Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and then take a trip. In iv: now that means because now. Now that is used for present and future situations. As v. As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie. In v: as means because Asso long as vi. As long as So long as you are not busy, could you help me with this work? In vi: as long as means because Inasmuch as vii. Inasmuch as the tow government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote. In vii: Inasmuch as means because. It is usually found only in formal writing and speech. So thatin order that viii. I will study the chapter so that I can pass the exam. ix. I read that chapter in order that I might be prepared to take the examination. In viii: if the verb of the independent clause is in present or future tense, the dependent clause refers to the future. In ix: If the verb of the independent clause is in the past, the dependent clause contains would, could , or might PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 24 c Adverb clause to indicate opposition Adverbial clauses can indicate opposition. It means that the clauses carry statement opposing the ultimate result. These clauses are often introduced by although , though, and even though Wishon Burks, 1987 Azar, 1989. Examples:

i. Although I had a slight handicap, I was an ambitious student.