Review of Literatures Metaphorical Expressions Related to God Found In Coca: A Semantic Analysis.

Novel by Dan Brown into Indonesian”. Similar like the first undergraduate thesis by Pramasari 1998, the undergraduate thesis by Dewi 2008 used a novel entitled Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in her study. In her study, she applied a theory of Larson in order to translate the metaphorical expressions found in the novel. In seeking the meaning and the translation of the metaphorical expressions, she found that the metaphorical expressions were most translated into simile by using like or as. In addition, Dewi’s 2008 study had not analysed the three types of the conceptual metaphor. Dewi 2008 in her study should apply the theory of metaphor by Lakoff and Johnson 1980 in order to reveal the meaning of the metaphor and enrich the analysis of her study in translation of the expressions. Moreover, the present study would take this chance in order to disclose the meaning of the metaphorical expression by applying the conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 1980, the three types of conceptual metaphors completed by Kövecses 2002; 2005, and powered by Lakoff 1987; 1993. A latest study in relation to metaphor, the topic of the present study as well, was accomplished by Primahadi Wijaya 2009 entitled “Metaphorical Expressions in the Songs by My Chemical Romance: a Semantic Analysis”. In the same manner, the topic discussed in Primahadi’s 2009 undergraduate thesis is the same with the topic in the present study; it is metaphorical expressions and the three conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson 1980, taken from Metaphors We Live By, namely Structural, Orientational, and Ontological Metaphor. In addition, he picked up the data from the 12 chosen songs by My Chemical Romance as its data source. However, the present study would pick up the data from a corpus, COCA, as its data source that enriches the data of the study by updated and huge words and sentences collection. Therefore, it could be a great turning point in applying a corpus used in a study in order to find the data, in this case the metaphorical expressions related to God. Moreover, all those three studies are considered to be relevant since they have the same basis of theory with the present study, give more understanding in how to conduct the analysis to metaphorical expressions of conceptual metaphor and elaborating and expanding the analysis. They, then, enlighten the present study in order to find and determine the aspects of metaphor having not been analysed yet. Reviewing an article from one of the international journals, in this respect related to metaphor seems relevant for having a wider knowledge and understanding about metaphor. Bailey 2003 applied the theory of conceptual metaphor and its use in language teaching and the study of literary text, in his article entitled “Conceptual Metaphor, Language, Literature, and Pedagogy”, as an article in Journal of Language and Learning Volume 12. He proposed that the importance of “metaphoric competence” Low, 1988, see Bailey, 2003: 1 as an element of awareness and knowledge in language use. Moreover, the “metaphoric competence” focuses on alerting learners L2 to the presence and effects of conventional metaphor and pedagogical approaches to achieving this in ELT contexts Low, 1988, see Bailey, 2003: 6. Furthermore, it shows that the theory of conceptual metaphor can be applied in a process of language teaching and give some preview in this case about Poetic Metaphor theory that is the basis theory of the present study. Considering the three undergraduate theses and an article of a national journal gives a better and wider understanding about the metaphor itself and in how to do the analysis. Additionally, the reviews show that the topic, in this case metaphor has so wide range of study and can be applied in a lot of data sources. As Lakoff 1993: 202 shows how, in the past, research into metaphorical expression was mainly concerned with merely literary works. Moreover, Lakoff and Johnson 1980:3 states that “Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature”. This brings the researcher to the enlightened way that metaphorical expressions are used in daily language. By using COCA, the study would be more complete since COCA provides a lot of samples of language used naturally in the world.

2.2 Concepts

The concepts of the study being discussed are other important vehicles in order to drop readers to the destination of the study and pass all over the main way. Hence, there are two fundamental concepts described, they are: the concepts of metaphor and conceptual metaphor and the concepts of metaphorical expression.

2.2.1 The Concepts of Metaphor and Conceptual Metaphor

According to Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 3, metaphor is “pervasive in everyday life, not only in language, but also in thought and action.” Additionally, they proposed that “the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another” Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 5. Moreover, Lakoff 1993: 203 stated that “the locus of metaphor is not in language at all, but in the way we conceptualise one mental domain in terms of another.” On the other hand, Kövecses 2002: 4 proposed that “metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain.” Simply, in order to understand what proposed by Kövecses 2002: 4, CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN 1 IS CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN 2. This is what is called as a Conceptual Metaphor Kövecses, 2002: 4. A conceptual metaphor has two conceptual domains. The conceptual domains from which the metaphorical expressions are drawn to understand another conceptual domain is called as source domain e.g. JOURNEY, while the conceptual domain being understood this way is the target domain e.g. LIFE Kövecses, 2002: 4. For instance, an example for the domains is LIFE IS A JOURNEY. This is achieved by means of a set of fixed conceptual correspondences of source domain and target domain referred to as mappings Kövecses, 2002: 6; Lakoff, 1993: 207.

2.2.2 The Concepts of Metaphorical Expression